Components of Valid Interrogation Techniques under Islamic Law

Valid interrogation of the accused is an art or skill in today’s modern world. The law and techniques of interrogation varies in the developed and developing world. Similarly, the Islamic law is not silent about the techniques of valid interrogation. There are specific rules and procedures for the interrogation of an accused either a criminal, an enemy, a spy or a war prisoner. This paper gives a detailed analysis about the principles and procedures of a valid interrogation process in Islam and its computability with the International Human Rights standards of interrogations. The paper argue that understanding the psychic-analytical niceties of interrogation helps an investigator to reach the truth. The paper finds that Islamic law gives full protection and safeguard to the rights of persons under custody and restrict the authorities to follow free and fair interrogation for ensuring justice. In this regard Islam presents a balanced view of the rights of the persons under custody and the executives exercise of legitimate force for interrogation. Islam strongly forbids torture and other inhuman ways of interrogation.

Shadow Encoding Scheme

In digital transmission data is encoded into electrical signal before sending over network and received signal is decoded by the receiver by using different decoding techniques. Both sender and receiver should encode and decode data by using specific rules which implemented in digitizing schemes. The line coding schemes dominate each other with their pros and cons. First phase of digitizing scheme is unipolar which is based on single polarity. Single polarity mean either 0?s or 1?s should jump from zero level to positive level. Unipolar digitizing scheme has many issues due to its simplicity. Second phase is polar digitizing scheme that further divided into Not Return to Zero (NRZ), Return to Zero (RZ) and Biphase. The problem with NRZ-Level with long bit of 0?s and 1?s while the receiver is receiving voltages of signals. Receiver cannot understand how much bits are relying on the clock. It can be an issue while synchronizing voltages to bit stream of 0?s and 1?s. NRZ-Invert provided good solution against NRZ-L due to toggle signal from negative voltage to positive level in case of 1?s stream. But the issue still exists in case of 0?s stream. The signal remains constant at level in current Tb, when there is signal of 0s bits either the signal is in positive level or negative level. RZ is second type of polar digitizing scheme which use double bandwidth with tight clock of receiver and sender. Third phase of polar is Biphase which is further divided into two parts Manchester and Differential Manchester, these provide good solution against DC component and synchronization but bandwidth consumption is high in this case. Bandwidth is an ultimate resource of network which should use properly. Third and last phase of line coding scheme is Bipolar which is further divided into three main parts but Alternative Mark Inversion (AMI) digitizing scheme is providing satisfactory solution. The problem with this scheme is 0?s stream of bit. Signal remains zero level when there is 0?s in bit of stream. In this research work, a new digital encoding scheme is proposed with name of ?Shadow Encoding Scheme? (SES). SES technique can transmit bit of 0?s and 1?s over the network without tolerating synchronization, scarifying bandwidth and justifying 0?s or 1?s long bit.Our new SES works with three level of digitizing scheme. It is surely bases on positive, negative and zero level to toggle state either it is a sequence of 1?s, 0?s or changing in every bit.