مرزا احسان احمد
افسوس ہے کہ ہمارے شہر کے مشہور وکیل اور نامور شاعر مرزا احسان احمد صاحب کا گزشتہ مہینہ انتقال ہوگیا، ان کی صحت عرصہ سے خراب تھی، ادھر کچھ دنوں سے صاحب فراش ہوگئے تھے، ۲۳؍ دسمبر کو وفات پائی، وفات کے وقت ۷۷ سال کی عمر تھی، مرحوم شاعری کے ساتھ اردو کے ادیب و نقاد بھی تھے، ان کا ادبی ذوق بڑا بلند اور پاکیزہ تھا، ان کے کلام اور ادبی مضامین کا مجموعہ شائع ہوچکا ہے، ایک زمانہ میں ان کے اور اقبال احمد خاں صاحب سہیل مرحوم کے دم سے اعظم گڑھ میں شعر و شاعری کا بڑا چرچا تھا، مگر مرحوم جب چشمہ کے ایجنٹ اور بعد میں شاعر کی حیثیت سے اعظم گڑھ آتے تھے تو مرزا صاحب ہی کے یہاں ٹھہرتے تھے، اور شعر و شاعری کی محفل گرم ہوتی تھی، اس میں مولانا عبدالسلام مرحوم پابندی سے اور کبھی کبھی سید صاحبؒ بھی شریک ہوتے تھے، جگر صاحب کے کلام کا پہلا مجموعہ داغ جگر اعظم گڑھ ہی سے شائع ہوا، اس پر مرزا احسان احمد صاحب کا مبسوط مقدمہ ہے اسی سے جگر صاحب کی شہرت کا آغاز ہوا، مرزا صاحب کے گھر میں دارالمصنفین کے تعلقات بڑے گہرے تھے، ان کے بڑے بھائی مرزا سلطان احمد صاحب مرحوم دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے ہمیشہ رکن رہے، ان کے بعد مرزا صاحب منتخب ہوئے، اور اپنی وفات تک رہے، ان کی زندگی بڑی سادہ اور درویشانہ تھی، استطاعت کے باوجود تکلفات سے ہمیشہ بری رہے، طبیعت میں بڑا استغنا تھا ان کا پیشہ ضرور وکالت تھا مگر اس کی طرف ان کا طبعی رجحان نہ تھا، بس بقدر ضرورت ہی وکالت کرتے تھے، اور ادھر دس بارہ سال سے بالکل چھوڑ دی تھی، طبیعت بڑی مرنجان مرنج تھی، کسی کے معاملات اور مقامی سیاست سے...
Human life is the subjective of change with the changing circumstances. If we look at the condition of our late grandfather or great – grandfather and look at the contemporary situation; it will not be difficult to understand this change. The rules about some important issues had been changed with the passage of time. In the initial descendants of Adam the marriage of brothers and sisters was allowed, after the flood of Noah, due to the scarcity of animals, the meat of all kinds of animals was allowed, two sisters were married to Hazrat Yaqub (A.S) at the same time, but the rules had been reversed afterwards. Even in the time of the Holy Prophet and the rightly guided caliphs, such changes took place and they were associated with the changing conditions. Initially it was banned to visit the graves and the sacrificial meet was not allowed to keep for more than three days and it was mandatory upon the women to attend the congregational prayer but afterwards the permissions were granted contrarily. Fortunately, we have a body of jurisprudence in the light of which not only contemporary issues can be solved but also guidance can be provided for the future. Our leading Jurists, who are followed, have done a remarkable job in this regard. The following article reviews the teachings of the three jurists, namely Imam Shafi’i, Imam Malik, and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and teachings of their glean jurists. It will make clear that under changing circumstances these jurists seemed to agree on change. Therefore, by using the efforts of these jurists, we can try to resolve the problems of our contemporary changes and requirements throughout the Muslim World.
The aim of this research is to investigate the weaknesses of the banking sector in Pakistan by contributing to the understanding of banking sector fragility. Prior literature suggests that the banking sector fragility is the result of high levels of non-performing loans (NPLs) as well the lack of an efficient banking supervision. Thus, this study investigates why Pakistan falls in the high levels of NPLs countries by examining the banking sector of Pakistan with respect to NPLs and its determinants. To examine the determinants of NPLs, this study uses data at the individual bank level as well as country level. The study investigates NPL as driven by factors such as macroeconomic factors, microeconomic banks specific factors, country level institutional factors and company level institutional factors (corporate governance). The empirical analysis initially focus on the sensitivity of the NPLs to macroeconomic and country level institutional factors in Pakistan. Subsequently, the analysis is extended to micro economic and company level institutional factors (corporate governance). In order to account for time persistence in the structure of NPLs, a linear and dynamic panel approach is used. For this purpose four different estimation methods are used (Pooled OLS, fixed effect, random effect and GMM estimators). The empirical investigation suggests that strong performance in real economy results in a lower ratio of NPLs. Moreover, country level institutional factors suggest a negative and significant effect on NPLs with exception to rule of law. Furthermore, the results indicate that microeconomic factors need to be used as an early warning system regarding banking sector vulnerability. Company level institutional factors are also effective in reducing the NPLs. Specially, the board of directors, transparency, disclosure, and accountability are the main factors in reducing the level of NPLs in Pakistani banks. However, ownership and shareholding shows an insignificant relation because of the concentrated ownership or bulk shareholding by individuals. The study concludes that regulatory authorities should expand their regulatory framework to include both economic and institutional indicators in assessing the stability of the banking sector.