محمد علی جناح
گزشتہ مہینہ جب کہ برہان کی کاپیاں پریس میں جاچکی تھیں مسٹر محمد علی جناح کے انتقال کی افسوسناک خبرملی۔ موصوف پاکستان کے معمار اولین اوراب اس کے قیام کے بعد اس کی ریڑھ کی ہڈی تھے اس بنا پر اہل پاکستان جتنا بھی غم اور ماتم کریں کم ہے لیکن اس سانحہ کاافسوس سب کوہی ہوا کیونکہ اگرچہ کچھ دن اوپر ایک برس ہواوہ ہم سے بچھڑ گئے تھے، تاہم تھے وہ معدن ہند کے ہی ایک گوہر آبدار اور ہندوستان کی شصت سالہ جدوجہد آزادی کی تاریخ کے صفحات ان کے ذکر سے بھی خالی نہیں ہیں۔
مرحوم کوعام طورپر ہندوؤں کادشمن سمجھا جاتاہے حالانکہ مسلمانوں کے قائد اعظم کا اُن پر ایک احسان ہی کیا کم ہے کہ جسے قدامت پرست ہندو خود چاہتے تھے مگرزبان سے اس کا اظہار تک نہ کرسکتے تھے وہ قائداعظم نے خودبخود کردیا یعنی ہندوستان کے آزاد ہونے کا وقت قریب آیاتوایک چھوٹا ساٹکڑا لے کریہ کہہ کر پوراملک ان کے حوالہ کردیا :
سپردم بتومایۂ خویش را
/تودانی حسابِ کم وبیش را
wاوریہاں کے مسلمانوں کوغیرموثرٔاقلیت میں تبدیل کرکے ایسا بے دست و پا بنادیا کہ اب ہندومہا سبھا تک کو ان تہی دستان قسمت پرغصہ آنے اوران کی طرف سے خوفزدہ ہونے کے بجائے ان پرترس آنے لگاہے :
کھیل ہیں دورِآسمانی کے
چنانچہ مرحوم کہابھی کرتے تھے کہ ’’ہندومجھ کواپنا دشمن سمجھتے ہیں لیکن اگر پاکستان بن گیا تووہ ہمیشہ میرے احسان مند رہیں گے اورمیرے مرنے کے بعد ان کومحسوس ہوگا میں ان کادشمن نہیں سچا دوست تھا۔‘‘
اس میں شبہ نہیں کہ مرحوم اپنی ذہانت وفطانت، قانونی اورپارلیمنٹری قابلیت و لیاقت،سیاسی سمجھ بوجھ،خوداعتمادی،قوت تحریر وخطابت،غیر معمولی قوت ارادی،مستقل مزاجی،حاضرجوابی، ان اوصاف وکمالات کے باعث عہد حاضر کے ایک بڑے آدمی تھے اورسیاسی لیڈر کی حیثیت سے ان کادامن...
Impact assessment of microfinance programs have been remained the foremost concern of microfinance stakeholders for optimal policy measures. The existing literature regarding the impact assessment varies from parametric to experimental methods to evaluate the performance of microfinance programs across the world however; the literature is lacking a single measure to reveal maximum possible changes in socioeconomic variables resulting from microfinance institutions’ intervention. This study aims to develop a composite index for evaluating the performance of microfinance programs in multi-dimensional contexts. The study exposes a set of eight “diverse indicators” to evaluate the performance of a microfinance program on a wider socioeconomic scale. The dimensions of the index are consist of economic (Income, saving) and socioeconomic (poverty, access to basic facilities, family empowerment) indicators. The changes in deprivations of household, based on the selected indicators, reveal the intensity of success of a microfinance program towards their goals. Finally, we have developed an index by the interaction of incidence and intensity of socioeconomic deprivations. The index is named as “Multidimensional Microfinance Deprivation Index”. This is an index developed in the same line as multidimensional poverty index. The implications of this study are three folds; firstly, it will open up a new dimension of literature in the field of microfinance including Islamic microfinance by instigating an important area. Secondly, it may provide a better alternative to microfinance’s stakeholders to investigate the impact assessment of microfinance programs on a wider socioeconomic scale rather than a few economic. Last but not the least, the study integrates diverse socioeconomic indicators, after assigning weights and adjustment to portray an overall picture of the performance of microfinance in terms of uplifting the socioeconomic conditions of the poor and financially marginalized people.
This dissertation presents work on the Geometric Superresolution. There are two main parameters that can affect Geometric Superresolution, the finite size of pixels and the pitch of the pixels in digital imaging device like CCD (charged coupled device). In superresolution systems, the ultimate limit to resolution generally comes from the Geometric and not from the optical part of an imaging system. This thesis mainly deals with the undersampling of an optical image in which the separation between the neighbouring pixels in a CCD is assumed to be greater than the separation required by Nyquist Sampling. The problem of undersampling an optical image has been dealt with the use of an Optical Mask placed at the Fourier transform plane in a coherent 4f imaging system. The one dimensional version of the Optical Mask consists of a 1-dimensional amplitude grating. The Optical Mask is used to sample the Fourier transform of the input object. Due to the sampled Fourier transform, the image plane contains replicas of the input object. A CCD is used to undersample these replicas. The recorded undersampled image is Fourier transformed and contains replicas of original object spectrum but overlapped due to the undersampled image recorded by CCD. The overlapped spectrum is multiplied with a soft copy of an Optical Mask which removes the overlapping by removing the neighbouring spectral copies. An interpolation is done on the recovered single object spectral copy to fill the holes in the spectrum. The resultant spectrum is then Fourier transformed to obtain an image free of artefacts and free of undersampling effects. Different analogues of Optical Masks and CCD pixels have been presented and discussed in this thesis. Optical Masks may consist of negligibly small line widths or lines with finite widths. Similarly, an ideal CCD may consist of point pixels in which the pixel size is negligible in comparison with the spacing between them or in real situations may have finite size. The effects of these parameters on Geometric Superresolution have been discussed in the thesis. Simulation results in one and two dimensional have been presented to support the idea. A part of the thesis also discusses a technique dealing with subpixeling. An optical image using a Spatial light modulator is projected on a CCD and shifted in subpixel steps. The retrieved data corresponding to each subpixel step is combined to obtain high resolution image. This has been supported with experimental verification.