Isolation of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria from the Rhizosphere of Different Plants and Assessment of Their Plant Growth Promotion Potential Isolation of Bacteria and their Assessment for Plant Growth Promotion Potential

Plant are benefitted in different aspects by symbiotic bacteria. Environmental conditions, Plant conditions and type of pathogens determine these important services for plants Objective: The research was conducted to assess the plant growth enhancing effects of wheat and cabbage rhizobacteria on the growth of wheat plantMethods: For this purpose, total 49 bacteria were isolated and characterized from the rhizosphere of wheat and cabbage plants. The isolates were assessed for plant growth promoting properties such as: indole acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, antibacterial activity and heavy metal resistance. Indole acetic acid was found to be produced by 7 isolates and phosphate solubilization was shown by 20 isolates. Antibacterial activity was determined against four clinical isolates like Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosaResults: Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was shown by 38 isolates, 12 isolates showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp, whereas no isolate was found to bepositive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Another plant growth enhancing trait (heavy metal resistance) was shown by 28 rhizobacteria. In order to evaluate the capability of isolates to enhance the plant growth, bio-inoculation assay was performed using wheat seedsConclusions: Rhizobacterial inoculation increased the number of roots, shoots, leaves and roots and shoot length of wheat plantlets as compared to un-inoculated control.  

Modern Exegetic Trends in Egypt With Special Reference to Mufti Muhammad Abduhu

The Glorious Qur‟an is a Book revealed on our Prophet (S.A.W), a complete guide book for entire humanity which covers all spheres of human life. Since the creation of Adam(A.S), human thoughts have been continuously passing through an evolution. The Creator of the Universe bestowed human beings with knowledge and reasoning. On the basis of which he ponders over creation of the Lord and in its light and guidance he explores new vistas of life. It has been ingrained in his nature to investigate mysteries of this Universe. To seek the consent and obedience of Allah is also part of all human beings‟ nature. In order to fulfill this natural desire, Almighty Allah sent His Prophets and Holy Books. The Qur‟an is the last of such revealed books which has been guiding human beings for the last one thousand and four hundred years. Human thought is liable to faults and errors. The Holy Qur‟an, being an explicit text, also gives the road map to faulty and erratic thinking and beliefs so they might adopt an enlightened path for the success in this world and the Hereafter. In all ages or eras, the Ulama always played a vital role to sort out problems of human beings and tried to guide them by explaining the teachings of the Holy Qur‟an in the light of the explanation given by the Prophet (S.A.W), his followers and the succeeding generations respectively. After dominance of western thoughts and culture, human thought has appeared in altogether different grab than the past. The present age is replete with the specimens of western hegemony in the field of science and technology. The western civilization, at present, rules over the muslim world, in terms of political, social and economic context. The modern western thought treats religion as something “additional” or “irrelevant”, whereas previously, the existence of God as an unseen supreme power, the soul, and the life after death – were considered as three vital points of human thought and struggle. The clergy played the dominant role in determining the sources of the blessings and bounties of God, as well as the interpretation of religious text. But very soon a change occurred and the clergy was replaced by the advent of “Modernism”, “Liberalism”, “Marxism”, etc. These new movements raised a lot of questions even the existence of God was also questioned by the philosophers. Now, Universe, human existence and worldly life all three have become the centre of attention for the modern man. To provide material goods and luxuries to human body and getting happiness is now the central point of modern philosophy. The right of interpretation and explanation of religious text is given to individuals. The welfare or prosperity of human beings has been relocated. Now it is based on “rationalization” rather than “religion”. This modern thinking of the west also raised a challenging question before whole muslim world whether Islamic teachings are useful for the present modern age. Egypt was one of those leading muslim countries where this question seemed most crucial. This reinforcement of the western thought took place in Egypt in the nineteenth century. As a result of this increasing hegemony of westernized thought, the Muslim Scholars and Ulama explained that Islam is relevant and applicable for all times and ages. One aspect of their struggle has been the explanation of the Holy Qur‟an as a vibrant source for solving new emerging situations and problems. A social reformer, an erudite scholar and a thinker Mufti Muhammad Abduhu played a pioneer role by pronouncing that the Holy Qur‟an has potential for revival of Islamic Thought. The topic of this research is based on analytical study of Mufti Muhammad Abduhu‟s explanation of the Qur‟an. The research aims at: (a) Whether pioneer modern exegete Muhammad Abduhu has guided the muslims in contemporary problems. (b) Does his exegesis of the Qur‟an show any impact of western thought and ideology? This exegesis of the Qur‟an is analyzed by dividing the thesis in two sections. These two sections are dealt logically. First section deals with the history of exegesis, its origin, evolution as well as rules pertaining to the acceptance or rejection of exegesis. Second section deals with the rules applied or followed by Mufti Muhammad Abduhu and his methodology. I have tried to describe and analyze the viewpoint and approach of Muhammad Abduhu regarding the Uloom-ul-Quran which are necessary for an exegete, such as Asbaab-ul-Nazool, Nasikh-o-Mansookh etc. In the last I have tried to present the descriptive and analytical study of Muhammad Abduhu‟s explanation of the verses pertaining to Islamic beliefs (Aqaid) as well as social, political and economic affairs (Ahkam).