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جناب شوکت سلطان کی وفات پر دل بے انتہا پژمردہ اور افسردہ تھا کہ دارالمصنفین کے ایک اور انتہائی ہمدرد، مونس اور غم گسار کی رحلت پر آنکھیں پھر اشکبار ہوئیں، اور وہ جناب امین الدین صاحب تھے، وہ کوئی صاحب قلم نہ تھے، شاعر بھی نہ تھے، علی گڑھ کے ایم۔اے، ال۔ ال۔ بی تھے، وکالت شروع کی، تو شہر میں مقبول بہت ہوئے، کچھ دنوں حکومت ہند کے آدرڈے نینس محکمہ میں بھی ملازم رہے، وہاں سے مستعفی ہوکر آئے۔ تو آنریری مجسٹریٹ ہوئے، پھر ریونیو افسر ہوگئے اور آخر میں شبلی نیشنل کالج میں قانون کے استاد اور اس کے شعبہ کے صدر ہوگئے۔ وہاں سے ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد خوش لباس، خوش رہائش، خوش کلام اور خوش باش بن کر بقیہ زندگی گزاری اور بالآخر ایک طویل علالت کے بعد ۳۱؍ جنوری ۱۹۸۶ء میں تقریباً ۸۵ برس کی عمر میں اپنے مالک حقیقی سے جاملے، انَّاﷲِ وَاِنَّا اِلیہ رَاجعُونَ۔ بس یہی ان کی زندگی کی مختصر روداد رہی ہے، مگر انھوں نے۱۹۳۰ء سے دارالمصنفین سے جس اخلاص، وضعداری اور محبت سے اپنے تعلقات کا سونا پگھلایا تھا وہ اس ادارہ کے لئے بیش قیمت سرمایہ رہا، وہ اس کے کسی قسم کے عہدیدار بھی نہ تھے، اس کی کسی مجلس کے رکن بھی نہ ہوئے لیکن ہر لمحہ اس کے دمساز رہے، وہ اس کے پھاٹک میں داخل ہوتے ہی اپنی محبت کے پھول بکھیرتے نظر آتے، اپنی بذلہ سنجیوں، لطیفہ گوئیوں اور شیریں بیانیوں سے ہم میں سے ہر شخص کو شاداں و فرحاں اور یہاں کی مجلس کو زعفران زار کردیتے، یہاں کی دعوتوں میں شریک ہوتے تو دسترخوان کو اس کے کھانوں سے زیادہ اپنی گفتار کی شیرینی سے لذیز تر...
The global financial crises 2007 bring about the current banking regulations which stood inadequate to avoid banks from taking in unnecessary risk actions. Therefore, Bank for International Settlement (BIS) and G-20 leaders endorsed a new international standard of banking regulations by revising previous Basel II rule, introduced in 2004, into Basel III in late 2010, so as to enhance the quality including quantity of capital, leverage ratio and liquidity standards, which has become a challenge for nationals to implement these strict reforms under their existing banking system. Parallel with the conventional banking system, for which the Basel Committee formulated Basel framework, Islamic banking introduced in early 1977 to 1980 in Pakistan in response to the decision by the Shariat Bench of Supreme Court, necessitates that the financial system be transformed to operate in conformity with sharia. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and Bank Negara Malaysia are the regulator of Islamic banks and full member of IFSB. The Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) established in 2002 in Malaysia as an international standard-setting organization to enforce the international regulatory and supervisory guidelines for Islamic financial organizations along with other standard setting bodies such as AAOIFI and ISDB to achieve this objective. The IFSB promotes the stability and soundness of the Islamic financial institutions by issuing guiding standards and prudential regulations for the industry, The IFSB applied Basel standards in the context of Islamic banks and its operating models. This paper critically evaluates Islamic financial institution’s regulatory and supervisory structures particularly for Pakistan and Malaysia and examines financial position after implementing Basel Accord rules. Study suggests a positive impact in case of both countries.
Nutritional deficiency of vitamin A and D is causing a lot of problems in the world. It is estimated that about one billion people worldwide are either vitamin D deficient or have insufficient vitamin D intake. In Pakistan about 85% of both pregnant and non-pregnant mothers have been found vitamin D deficient. Apart from this, 5.7 million children below 5 years of age and 42.5 % women were identified as vitamin A deficient in Pakistan. Being food fortification or supplementation a best approach, the food manufacturers are interested in fortifying their products with vitamin A and D. As both vitamins are restricted to fats and oils due to their non-solubility in water. Nanoemulsions are ideal solution to address this problem because this technique enhances the solubility, kinetic stability, bio efficacy and bioavailability of encapsulated material due to their smaller size. The purpose of present study was to fortify beverages with nanoemulsions of vitamin A and D. The nanoemulsions were prepared by using food grade surfactants (Tween 80 and soya lecithin), deionized water and vegetable oil (olive and canola oil). Preparation conditions for beta carotene and vitamin D nanoemulsions were optimized using response surface methodology. These nanoemulsions were further characterized against different physico-chemical parameters. In vivo study was carried out on animal model to investigate the safety of nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsions based delivery system was used to fortify the beverages with these vitamins. The results manifested that, ideal optimum preparation conditions for beta carotene nanoemulsions were 6.07% surfactant, 4.19 minutes homogenization time and 6.50% oil contents. For vitamin D nanoemulsions, optimum preparation conditions were 4.82 minutes xxii xxii homogenization time, 0.67 surfactant to oil ratio (S/O) and 7% disperse phase volume. During two months of storage studies, these nanoemulsions remained stable against phase separation and creaming. Moreover, droplet size of nanoemulsions stored at 4 °C slowly increased as compared to nanoemulsions stored at 25 °C. Additionally, p-Anisidine value of the vegetable oil (canola and olive oil) incorporated into nanoemulsions were significantly lower as compared to free vegetable oil. These nanoemulsions were stable against droplet aggregation and phase separation over a wide range of pH (2-8), salt concentration (50-400 mM) and temperature (30-80°C). During toxicity study, bi-nuclear assay, multinuclear assay and comet assay did not showed any toxic effect of nanoemulsions on animal models. During last part of study, vitamin beta carotene and vitamin D fortified model beverages was developed successfully. Hence, nanoemulsions based delivery system can be used for fortification of aqueous products with fat soluble vitamins and other nutraceutical compounds.