EFFECTS OF MULLIGAN ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT VERSUS MEDIAL GAPPING TECHNIQUE ON PAIN, RANGE OF MOTION AND DISABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS

Background and Aim: To compare the effects of mulligan rotational movement and medial gapping technique on pain, range of motion and disability in knee osteoarthritis patients. Methodology: This study was a Randomized Clinical Trial. The data was collected using a convenience sampling technique. Data was collected from Jinnah Hospital Lahore, from 15th December – 30th June 2022.36 subjects (males and females) were recruited in two groups. The first group received Mobilization with movement along with a conservative treatment protocol. The second group received the Medial gapping technique along with conservative treatment protocol. Each group was treated for four weeks in which three sessions per week were given. Numeric pain rating scale and the disability index were used as outcome measures. Data was analyzed through statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: Within-group comparison by paired t-test showed the p-value was significant <.05, indicating that both treatment was effective in improving symptoms. Between groups, comparison by independent t-test showed that Mulligan Mobilization Technique is more effective than the medial gapping technique in improving pain disability and quality of life. Conclusion: The study concluded that Mulligan Mobilization Technique provides more clinical benefits regarding pain, disability and range of motion in osteoarthritis patients than Medial Gapping Technique.

An Analytical Study of Questioning Leading to Critical Thinking in Classrooms

Questioning is one of the most commonly used techniques at the disposal of teachers during teaching to check students’ level of understanding about the concepts. Questioning technique assists teachers to communicate them about the level of understanding of their students. Questions are promoting students’ creativity in classroom interaction. Without higher order, thought provoking questions, learning become little more than memorization. Questions, if asked intelligently not only elicit information and develop cognitive thinking processes but also develop analytical and critical thinking. Perhaps a few studies have been carried out on this vital issue in the Pakistani classroom situation. The overall purpose of the proposed study was to investigate questioning leading to critical thinking in the classrooms setting. It was focused to determine the levels of questions keeping in view the Bloom’s Taxonomy. The study was also focused to analyze lower and higher order questions and to explore convergent and divergent questions at secondary and tertiary levels. The study was an observational type of the descriptive method. The target population composed of 21965 teachers at Secondary Level and 3000 teachers at Tertiary Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Using proportional allocation of population (Walpole, 1968), 176 Secondary School teachers and 24 Tertiary level teachers were observed in their classrooms during their teaching. Using simple random sample technique, the study was conducted in districts Peshawar, Kohat, D.I.Khan, Mansehra, Mardan, Malakand, and Swat. To achieve the objectives of the study, the instrument “observation guide using Bloom’s Taxonomy” was used. A total of two hundred observations were made at both the levels. During the observation the researcher xii noted down the questions asked by the teacher and was also audio recorded. The questions were then categorized on the observation sheet as knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. The study results revealed that teachers practice of asking questions was very weak, majority of the teachers asked dominantly lower order and convergent questions at secondary level which could not help to develop the habit of critical thinking among students at secondary level. There were variations in terms of classroom time duration and number of asked questions by teachers. The results of the study showed that no question was asked by teachers in some of the classes at secondary level. The asked questions were predominantly lower order and convergent questions with a very low asking ratio and, not encouraging critical thinking at tertiary level among students. The teachers both at secondary and tertiary level provided very short wait time to students to respond. There found no awareness of teachers regarding the positive impact of increasing wait time and getting divergent answers. The results also concluded that there is no significance difference between type of teachers’ questions at secondary and tertiary level. The observations in the study revealed that teachers at secondary and tertiary level employed almost similar type of questioning technique while teaching in order to check student’s level of understanding. Of all the questions asked in the study, lower order and convergent questions elicited the greatest number of responses from the students. Teachers rarely posed questions at the application, synthesis and evaluation levels. Teachers generally preferred to pose simple questions that would accelerate the teaching learning process and would need little efforts on the part of students to answer the questions. xiii It was recommended that the use of multiple types of questions in the classroom is crucial for promoting students’ critical thinking. In teaching, it is necessary for the teachers to plan questions for students learning, as well as for promoting students’ higher level of thinking process.