E-COMMERCE AND CYBER VULNERABILITIES IN BANGLADESH: A POLICY PAPER

E-commerce is one way among many that people buy and sell things in retail. Some companies sell products online only, but for many, e-commerce is a distribution channel that’s part of a broader strategy that includes physical stores and other revenue streams. Either way, e-commerce allows startups, small businesses, and large companies to sell their products at scale and reach customers worldwide. The growing scenario of E-commerce shapes a new dynamism in Business and offers no time-bound, cost-efficient, and hassle-free buy and sell. Following changing approach, security management in e-commerce (cyber security) is now the focus. People in Bangladesh are mostly unaware of the risks of using computing and digital devices and online platforms. This article articulated the risk factors associated with the growing reliance on digital technologies and devices. Then, some policy guidelines are prescribed for the national level and individual level, including leading social campaigns, new chapters in the school curriculum, advancing technological aptitudes of law enforcers, strengthening security systems in e-commerce, embanking sites, bringing frauds to justice, initiating law to define cybercrimes, fortifying institutional management of cyber securities

Discrete Approximations and Optimization of Evolution Inclusions and Equations

We study two types of problems: In first two Chapters we study evolution inclusions and use discrete approximations to obtain some new qualitative results, although the technique is not essentially new. In last two Chapters, we study the numerical approximation of impulsive differential equations and impulsive functional differential equations. In first Chapter, we study differential inclusions on evolution triple. We replace the Lipschitz condition with Kamke one which is much weaker. The general approach of Mordukhovich appears to be very flexible and up to some technical difficulties it can be used for larger class of problems. We prove a new variant of the well known lemma of Filippov–Pliss. Afterwards we extend the well known Bogolyubov’s theorem and the relaxation stability of the optimal control system. Examples of control systems governed by partial differential equations are provided, where our results are applicable. In second Chapter, we study autonomous evolution inclusions with one-sided Lip- schitz right-hand side with negative constant. We prove the existence of a unique strong forward attractor and a unique strong backward attractor when the one-sided Lipschitz constant is positive. As a corollary some surjectivity and fixed point results are proved. Example of a parabolic system, satisfying our assumptions is provided. In third Chapter, we study higher order numerical approximations of solutions of impulsive differential equations with non-fixed times of impulses. Using a Runge- Kutta method under natural assumptions on the impulsive surfaces and the impulses we calculate good approximations of the jump times, which enables us to extend the classical results for higher order of convergence of explicit and implicit Runge-Kutta methods to more complicated systems. We provide numerical examples to show some applications of our theory. To our knowledge there are no related results in the literature of impulsive differential equations with non-fixed time of impulses. In last Chapter, we study impulsive functional differential equations with non fixed times of impulses and their discrete approximations with the Euler’s method. Under the assumption that right-hand side is Lipschitz with respect to a new norm introduced here we show the O(h) approximations via Euler’s method (with respect to defined metrics) of the unique solution of given delay impulsive differential system. Some examples of impulsive delay differential equations are given at the end. Notice that in general the higher-order methods are not applicable here.