ٹونی دی قربانی
کسے پنڈ وچ اک کسان رہندا سی۔ بہت ای محنتی تے ہر کم شوق نال کرن دا عادی سی۔ اوس دے گھر والے تے سجن اوس نوں محنت نال کم کردے ویکھدے تاں بہت خوش ہوندے۔ واہی کرن دے نال نال اوس نوں مختلف جانور پالن دا شوق وی سی۔ اوہ روز سویرے اُٹھدا، نماز پڑھدا تے خود ناشتہ کرن توں پہلاں چڑیاں، کاواں تے طوطیاں لئی دانہ لے کے اپنے گھر دی چھت اتے چلا جاندا۔ اوس دے چھت اپر جاون دی دیر ہوندی سی کہ بہت سارے پرندے دانہ چگن لئی اوتھے آ جاندے۔ اوہ پرندیاں نوں دانہ پاندا تے پانی والا بھانڈا روز بھر کے رکھدا۔ کئی وارانج ہوندا کہ پرندیاں نے اوہدے چھت اپر چڑھن توں پہلاں شور مچایا ہوندا سی۔ انج جاپدا کہ پرندے اوہدے نال گلاں کردے نیں۔ اوہ بہت خوش ہوندا خاص کر اوس ویلے جدوں اوہ کسے زخمی پرندے دی مرہم پٹی کردا۔ اوس دا بالاں وانگ خیال رکھدا تے صحت یاب ہوون تے اوس نوں آزاد کر دیندا۔ اوہ بیمار جانوراں دی تلاش وچ روز جنگل وی جاندا۔ پر اوس نوں کوئی جانور نہ ملیا تے اوہ گھر مایوس پرتدا۔ ایس توں بعد اوہ ناشتہ کردا تے کھیتاں وچ کم تے ٹر جاندا۔ سارا دن رج کے محنت کردا تے شام نوں گھر واپس آندا۔ اوہدے والدین اوہدی محنت توں بہت خوش سن۔
ایس کسان دے گھر وچ صرف چار جی سن۔ اوس دا باپ، ماں، وڈا بھرا تے اوہ۔ گھر وچ اوہدا چوتھا نمبر سی۔ اوہ اپنے والد دی ہر گل مندا۔ جس پاروں اوس دا والد اوہدے نال رج کے پیار کردا۔ اوہدی سالگرہ دادن آیا، پر اوس نوں سالگرہ اتے وکھری قسم دا تحفہ دیون دا سوچیا۔ الماری وچوں پیسے لے تے اپنی گھر والی نوں...
Khushal Khan Khattak, a seventeenth century Pakhtun writer, poet and swordsman, and his forefathers had served the Mughal for a long time. However, his fortune took a sudden twist when Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb imprisoned him in 1664, and kept him in solitary confinement at Ranthambore fort. After his release from prison, Khushal Khan was a different person. He remained no more a loyal Mughal official afterwards. Although, Aurangzeb Alamgir and a number of Mughal governors of Kabul tempted him several time to accept a position in the frontier areas but he out-rightly declined. This transformation is clearly visible in his poetry. He took up arms against the Mughals in 1673 and declared a war against them despite the fact that some of his family members even his son had sided with the Mughals. He continued his anti-Mughal struggle till his death in 1689. Some of the critics look at the antiMughal role of Khushal Khan with suspicion and have raised a few queries in this connection. This study looks into the circumstances that saw transformation in his outlook towards the Mughals. Then it explores, whether it was a personal vendetta or the start of a collective anti-Mughal Pakhtun struggle. The article looks into various dimensions, nature and direction of his struggle. This research paper is an attempt to evaluate objectively as to why and how Khushal Khan joined the anti-Mughal camp in the borderland area. Some more related questions are also discussed in details in this article.
It is a common matter among many languages of the world that a language has an influence on one another, the same as phenomenon of linguistic borrowings is present in all languages and will be as long as different languages and contacts, direct or indirect, between their speakers exist. The term of "linguistic borrowing", according to linguists, means borrowing a word from a donor language, adaptation of this word and incorporating it into a recipient language. Therefore, in Polish language we find 845 words which have been borrowed from Arabic and entered into Polish language indirectly through other languages, such as: French, Spanish or Turkish, or directly through contacts between Arabs and Poles. At first glance at history of Poland and the Arab world it seems there is no cultural or linguistic link between them, nevertheless, in Polish language there are many lexical borrowings from Arabic which have been incorporated since 14th century through trade contacts, wars and settlement of Tatars in Poland. The research study which examines the link between these two languages is very rare due to Poles' lack of proficiency in Arabic, as well as Arabs' lack of proficiency in Polish. That is why, the need of creating a scientific research that describes the process of lexical borrowings from Arabic to Polish language, presents examples of such borrowings and explains the way of their entry into Polish, emerged in my mind. I believe that this research study titled "Arabic words used in Polish language (analytical and semantic study)" is going to be useful for Arab readers to make them realize the link between both languages, as well as it is going to be beneficial for linguists and researchers from both cultures and helpful for students of Arabic and Polish language in understanding the effect which Arabic had on forming Polish language. Linguists of Polish language do not take the issue of Arabic words used in Polish very often. The main Polish linguist who put a lot of effort into examining this topic in detail is Dr. Waclaw Przemyslaw Turek, the orientalist of Jagiellonski. University in Cracow, Poland. He wrote few articles about the adaptation of words borrowed from Arabic and incorporated into Polish language and a dictionary called "Slownik zapoZyczen pochodzenia arabskiego w polszczyinie". (Translation: Dictionary of Arabic loanwords used in Polish language) which is the main source of information on this particular topic in my research. This research study examines the words which have been borrowed from Arabic and are used till now in Polish language in an analytical and semantic way, presents the direct or indirect way of their entry into Polish, shows examples of lexical borrowings from Arabic into Polish with the indication of an Arabic origin word and explains the historical aspect of an adaptation of the borrowed word if known.