فرخندہ رضوی۔۔۔ ایک تعارف
شاعری خوشبو ہے۔شاعری مہک ہے۔ شاعری دل ناز کا ترانہ ہے۔ شاعری جذبات و احساسات اور تخیل کو لفظی پہناوا پہنا کر پیش کرنے کا نام ہے۔ شاعری ایسے طلسم کدے کا نام ہے جو زمان ومکان کی قیود سے آزاد ہوتی ہے۔ شاعری محبت کا دوسرا نام ہے شاعری جذبات کے ریلے میں بہہ جانے کا نام ہے یہ سفر رواں دواں ہے اور ہمیشہ جاری و ساری رہے گا۔
شاعری کے کئی روپ ہیں کبھی یہ غزل اور کبھی نظم کی صورت میں جلوہ گر ہوتی ہے۔ کہیں رباعی اور کہیں قصیدہ کے پہناوے میں سامنے آتی ہے۔ کبھی شعلہ بن کر اور کبھی شبنم میں ڈھل کر جلوہ نما ہوتی ہے۔ کہیں عشق و محبت کے راگ الاپتی نظر آتی ہے تو کبھی آنسوؤں کی بے بس مورت کا روپ دھار لیتی ہے۔ کہیں یہ سہمی ہوئی گھٹی چیخ توکبھی انالحق کا نعرہ بن جاتی ہے تو کبھی باضابطہ مقصدِ زندگی کا اظہار بن جاتی ہے۔
موثر اور میعاری شاعری معاشرے پر گہرے مثبت اثرات مرتب کرتی ہے ہے کسی بھی شاعر کی زندگی اس کی شاعری پر کسی نہ کسی حوالے سے ضرور اثرانداز ہوتی ہے۔ شاعر اپنی زندگی کے حالات و واقعات اور اردگرد کے ماحول سے جو کچھ حاصل کرتا ہے۔ وہی سوچیں شاعری کی بنیاد بن کر سامنے آتی ہیں۔ شاعر کے خیالات اور سوچ و بچار پر سماج،گھریلو حالات، اپنوں کے رویے، خوشی اور غم،عشق و محبت، حاصل زیست اور محرومی کے اثرات کا واضح اثر ہوتا ہے۔
جہاں تک غزل اور نظم کے معیار کی بات ہے تو اس میں اسلوب اور تخیل بہت اہمیت کے حامل ہیں۔ اس حقیقت سے کوئی انکار نہیں کرسکتا کہ شعری تخلیق کے لئے خیال ہی بنیاد ہے۔ اس حوالے سے شعر لکھنے کے لیے نہیں بلکہ شعر...
Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia. The number of malaria cases according to the 2018 RISKESDAS reached 8076 cases, and the highest number was obtained from Papua province with 3,334 cases. Multiple infection malaria in Indonesia according to RISKESDAS 2018, has a rate of 0.01% of the total cases, namely Plasmodium Falciparum malaria and Plasmodium non Falciparum malaria. A 47 year old man was referred from the clinic with complaints of high fever preceded by chills 10 days before being admitted to the hospital. Accompanied by shortness of breath, unable to get off the treatment bed due to feeling very weak, nauseous, sick and having a bulging stomach. Physical examination revealed a pale conjunctiva, ronkhi in the lower field of the right lung, dim percussion in the basal of the left lung, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, shifting dullness. Ring form vivax, on chest X-ray found a left pleural effusion. It is known that the patient previously lived in Papua from September 2018 to May 2019. During treatment, the patient was given artesunate injection therapy, dihydroartemisin + piperaquine and primaquin for seven days of treatment. At the end of the treatment, another chest X-ray was performed and re-examination of the peripheral blood smear, no more pleural effusions were found and no parasites were found on re-examination of the peripheral blood smear. Mixed infection of vivax and falciparum malaria, is a rare case that may occur in endemic areas where both plasmodium can be found. The prevalence in Indonesia according to RISKESDAS is only about 0.01% of all malaria cases in Indonesia.
Learning and enhancing vocabulary is important to gain proficiency in any language. It enables one to communicate her/his message to others meaningfully. Yet, it is not being given attention in most language classes. Thus, most of the students are confronted with a limited vocabulary, which hinders their language proficiency. This participatory action research aimed at exploring possibilities, and tried to minimize the challenges involved in using innovative ways in terms of teaching vocabulary in an EFL classroom. The participants of this research were an EFL context teacher and six focused students of Grade Seven. The study was carried out in four cycles. Cycle one (pre-intervention) is about the participant teacher's vocabulary teaching practices through classroom observation and interviews. A systematic plan was developed to work with the teacher, based on the identified gaps in her vocabulary teaching practices. Cycle two (intervention) illustrates the process of the researcher's model lessons while cycle three (intervention) talks about the process of co-planning and co-teaching. Whereas, cycle four (post-intervention) of this study is about the participant teacher's independent lesson planning and teaching. Cycles two, three and four of the study also present an analytical description of the possibilities and challenges of using innovative ways in the EFL classroom. In order to explore the possibilities and challenges of initiating innovative ways for teaching vocabulary, a range of strategies such as read and retell, weave an essay around the target vocabulary, and word drill were used in the classroom in the intervention as well as post-intervention stages of the study. The study shows that while in the course of using innovative ways for a meaningful vocabulary teaching in an EFL classroom, possibilities and challenges go hand in hand. However, teachers by considering the students' needs, age level and other contextual realities can minimize the challenges. The possibilities of using certain innovative ways in the EFL classroom was evident from the students' work samples that the students were relatively able to use the newly learnt vocabulary in a range of contexts. Hence, this study suggests the EFL context classroom teachers to initiate innovative ways for vocabulary teaching.