Psychosocial Nurturing of Children in Islam

Psychosocial nurturing of children is linked with Parenting and personality development theories and child development theories too report evidences of influences of parenting on children nurturing. The purpose of this paper is to explore existing parenting styles in current literature and how these parenting styles influence upon and form the personality of the children in their early years. The paper aims to examine parenting with reference to authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, permissive parenting and uninvolved parenting. It discussed the expectations and responsiveness of the parents which determine their behavior and style. Through parenting, psychosocial nurturing of the children is determined and it was explained in existing literature and analyzed in Islamic teachings. The study followed a critical interpretivist method which examined the literature and conducted content analysis. The study examines the parenting concept and parenting style in Islamic teachings. Islam lays special emphasis on communication and attitude of the parents towards their children particularly in early childhood. Parenting style in Islamic teaching displays a loving and guiding mode. It is less demanding and more responsive in early years. Parenting in Islamic teaching encourages developing tolerance, harmony and peace. It shows flexibility to accept children’s dispositions and tries to discipline their inner faculties. Islamic teachings expect from parents to be responsive with love and passion. It gives children freedom to talk, walk, think and act in a carefree environment where they can become socially and emotionally strong. Parenting in Islam accepts children’s interests and attitudes with positive responses and respects their rights with warmth and love. It particularly develops moral awareness so that children can distinguish between right and wrong and also understand that they need to abide by rules and regulations. Lastly literature also reports that parenting in Islam does not allow any sort of harassment, coercion, frightening and unjust environment for the little angels.

Characterization and Evaluation of Anti-Campylobacter Potential of Indigenous Lactobacilli in Poultry

IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF PROBIOTIC PROPERTIES AND ANTICAMPYLOBACTER ACTIVITY OF LACTOBACILLI ISOLATED FROM POULTRY The aim of the present study was to isolate, characterize and develop indigenous probiotic lactobacilli targeting mitigation of Campylobacter jejuni. Lactobacilli (n=150) were isolated from poultry (62), fermented foods (78) and human faeces (10).All isolates were preliminarily screened for their anticampylobacter activity by well diffusion assay. Sixteen pre-selected isolates had activity against Campylobacter jejuni (n=4). Cell free supernatants (CFSs) of eight isolates (PL22, PL53, PL88, PL120, PL135, PL141, PL145 and PL149) retained activity after pH adjustment (6.5), while CFS of seven isolates (PL22, PL53, PL120, PL135, PL141, PL145 and PL149) retained activity after boiling at 80°C for 10 minutes. Selected isolates were further characterized for their tolerance to low pH and bile salts, antibiotic susceptibility, auto-aggregation and co-aggregation properties. All selected isolates had significant tolerance to low pH (>50% survival at pH 3), bile salts (0.3%), autoaggregation and coaggregation properties. Selected isolates were safe and had no acquired resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, ampicillin and erythromycin. PL53, PL120 and PL149 showed significantly higher reduction (> 3 log reduction) of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33291 in broth culture. It is concluded that Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 53, Lactobacillus casei PL 120 and Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 149 had probiotic potential and anti-campylobacter properties.Keywords: probiotics, Lactobacillus, Campylobacter, pH tolerance, antimicrobial activity EFFECT OF NEWLY CHARACTERIZED PROBIOTIC LACTOBACILLI ON WEIGHT GAIN, IMMUNOMODULATION AND GUT MICROBIOTA OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI CHALLENGED BROILER CHICKEN The aim of the present study was to determine the competitive exclusion of Campylobacter jejuni inpoultry gut by three potential probiotic lactobacilli strains. A total of 135 birds of one day age were randomly divided into nine groups. The groups of prevention model received respective strains from day 1-35 and treatment model received lactobacilli from day 15-35 (after challenging with C. jejuni). These groups were given lactobacilli (~108 CFUs) while challenged with C. jejuni on day 14 by oral gavage (106 CFUs/bird). There were three control groups including A, B and I. Negative control (A) did not receive any treatment, C. jejuni was given to group B and group I was given Enrofloxacin formulation. Cloacal swabs were collected from birds of each group before and after challenge while the ceca were collected from birds after slaughtering (on day 35) for enumeration of aerobic bacteria, coliform, C. jejuni, lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium on selective agar plates. Effect of lactobacilli on weight gain and New Castle Disease vaccine (NDV) titer were also evaluated. Probiotic strain Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 53 considerably decreased log10 values of aerobic plate count (3.19±0.66), coliform count (2.83±0.22) and C. jejuni (3.98±0.77) in poultry. The probiotics also enhanced Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. counts (~2-3 log increase). Treatment group C had maximum weight gain (1994±188.32g) and geometric mean titer (274.4) on day 28. The results of in-vivo experiments concluded that probiotic administration may be effective for targeted mitigation of C. jejuni in broiler birds.