Victory of the Holy Prophet (P. B. U. H) over the People of Makkah

The Prophet (P.B.U.H), born in 571 A.D at Makkah, came to enlighten this world with divine guidance and to transform this world from the clutches of immoralities and sins to pinnacle of piety and ethics. He lived in this world for almost 63 years and brought revolutionary changes which no one even could think of. But this task was not easy, he suffered the most and sacrificed everything to raise and proclaim the words of Allah. He set an example for others to follow. This article is all about his life in Madinah with regard to his dealing with the arch enemies of Islam who were his own natives “The Makkans”. Prophet (P.B.U.H) settled in Madinah and established Islamic society so as to enable everyone to spend life in accordance with the divine guidance. Here, he signed treaty with the Jews created Muakhaat for Mohajirin and Ansars. On the other hand, Makkans could not stand this development. So, they imposed battles on Muslims and Muslims had no options except Jihad. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) fought many battles with Makkans. However, no innocent was executed during these incidences. This shows the dynamic teachings of Islam.  This article gives brief events of these battles besides revelations which came to Prophet in the line of duty to motivate and guide Muslims. It took almost eight years for Prophet to excel Makkans.

Revocation and Revitalization of Democracy in Pakistan 1970 to 2010 an Analytical Study

Democracy is a modern system of conducting the State affairs. There are many more systems of administrating State dealings but the democracy is the idealistic and beneficial for human race. Samuel P. Huntington has divided modern democratic era in three phases. Pakistan is going through third wave of modern democratic phase. Pakistan has inherited democracy from the former colonial rulers of the undivided subcontinent. This study has depicted the promotion of democracy in Pakistan, usually since independence and prominently from 1970 to 2010. Pakistani democracy and its formation demands to take such measures, which are favourable for stabilizing democracy. Thus, the numerous voices of people will give birth to democracy. An important aspect of the study is the broad use of electronic media and internet information, major part of it is the interviews from politicians, technocrats, experts, sociologist, lawyers and economist, just to ensure the reliability of the study. The primary and secondary sources are also used in this study. The primary sources for this study are official documents, statements, regional and international surveys, reports, interviews and official record issued by the government and other archival sources. The secondary sources are books, journals, and newspapers to express the works of democracy in globalized world and Pakistan respectively. The all panorama of thesis is as under: The first chapter comprises introduction of democratic period from pre-partition times in this part of the world in the fifth decade of eighteen century in Calcutta. However, there were a few democratic institutions present in British ruled India. In 1885, they nurtured Indian National Congress (INC). Later on, to represent Muslim community in the subcontinent All India Muslim League (AIML) was formed in 1906. After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the democratic process in Pakistan was in its inception, the leaders like Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah as Governor General and Nawabzada Liaqat Ali Khan as Prime Minister of Pakistan, were leading the caravan of democracy in Pakistan but after them democracy was derailed because of much political upheaval. Ultimately, Pakistan came in the grip of Martial Laws since 1958. The Chapter two deals with Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto era. In between Martial Laws, there was a short period of democratic rule of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who brought the nation on the path of democracy by framing unanimously accepted constitution of 1973 of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Eventually, the undemocratic forces of Pakistan ended his democratic rule. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was an industrious leader, his sophisticated decisions and nationalization policy under new democratic regime exhibited new phenomenal dimensions, which was appropriated for the democratization. The Chapter third elaborates democracy during General Zia-ul- Haq period in which Zia abrogated the constitution of 1973 to have perpetual grip over rule in Pakistan. General Zia held Presidential Referendum in 1984, non-party elections 1985, which proved to be useless for the democratization. Chapter four consists of unstable democratic first and second regimes of Mohtrama Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. Both did not fulfil their democratic obligations, rather they promoted confrontational politics in the Pakistan. The Chapter fifth argues about the democracy during General Pervaiz Musharraf regime in which he held Referendum and Elections 2002, as a result King Party (PML-Q) got Sway and ruled over country in form of so-called inflexible or coalition democratic government. PML- N and PPP signed ‗Charter of Democracy‘ with all pomp and show. On the other hand, in 2007, democracy was derailed in Pakistan due to political predicaments in form of proclamation of state of emergency and abolition of judiciary. The Chapter six deals with Pakistan People‘s Party government (PPP) beginning from 2008, it restored the judiciary, amended 18th and 19th amendment successively. At the bottom of this thesis, conclusion has given in which all considerations of democratization in Pakistan have been analyzed.