ڈاکٹر صبیحی المحمصانی
ڈاکٹر صبیحی المحمصانی عالم عرب میں شریعت اسلامی اور اس کے جدید ملکی و بین الاقوامی قوانین کے مرجع اور سند سمجھے جاتے تھے، انگریزی اور فرانسیسی زبانوں پر ان کو یکساں عبور تھا، ان کا انتقال پیرس میں ستمبر ۱۹۸۶ء میں ہوا، لیکن مجمع اللغۃ العربیہ اکتوبر ۸۸ء کے شمارہ میں ان کی شخصیت پر تعزیتی مضمون تاخیر سے شائع ہوا، ان کی قابل قدر علمی زندگی خصوصاً قانون کے موضوع پر ان کے اہم اور یادگار کارناموں کی وجہ سے ان کی وفات کا غم آج بھی تازہ ہے۔
وہ ۱۹۰۶ء میں بیروت میں پیدا ہوئے، اعلیٰ تعلیم کے لئے فرانس گئے۔ ۱۹۳۲ء میں ڈاکٹریٹ کیا، ۳۵ء میں لندن یونیورسٹی سے بھی ڈگری لی، دوران تعلیم ان کے خاص مضامین قانون اور معاشیات تھے، تعلیم کے بعد لبنان میں اعلیٰ قانونی عہدوں پر فائز ہوئے، ۶۶ء میں وہ لبنان کے وزیر اقتصادیات بھی ہوئے، لیکن سیاسی زندگی کی شورشیں اور بکھیڑے ان کے مزاج کے مطابق نہیں تھے اس لیے اس سے کنارہ کش ہوکر علمی اور تدریسی سرگرمیوں میں مشغول ہوئے اور پھر تصنیف و تالیف کے لئے یکسو ہوگئے، وہ ۴۷ء میں دمشق کی مجمع العلمی کے رکن بنے، مسلم ممالک میں اسلامی قانون کے نفاذ کے سلسلہ میں انہوں نے کئی اہم کانفرنسوں میں خصوصی مدعو کی حیثیت سے شرکت کی۔ ان کی تصنیفات کا زیادہ حصہ اسلامی قانون سے متعلق ہے، ان کی ایک کتاب فلسفۃ التشریع فی الاسلام بہت مقبول ہوئی، انگریزی اور فارسی میں اس کے ترجمے ہوئے، اردو میں بھی اس کا ترجمہ لاہور سے ۱۹۵۵ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس کے علاوہ النظریات العامہ للموجبات و العقود فی الشریعۃ الاسلامیۃ، الاوضاع التشریعیہ فی الدول العربیہ، المبادی الشرعیہ و القانونیہ، مقدمہ فی احیاء علوم التراث، القانون و العلاقات الدولیہ فی الاسلام، الدعائم الخلفیہ للقوانین الشرعیہ، ارکان...
Natural Sciences learning laboratory activities are an integral part of teaching and learning activities, This shows how important the role of laboratory activities to achieve the goals of science education. Through laboratory activities, students will be given the opportunity to encourage curiosity and the desire to try, test and reason the theories obtained. The purpose of this study was to analyze the management of a science laboratory in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol. The research method uses qualitative methods and descriptive analysis. The research subjects were the head of the laboratory and the science subject teacher and the students at SMP Negeri 4 Sojol. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and student learning outcomes. Based on the results of the study, the availability of natural science practicum tools in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol, the average availability of practical tools and materials 68.33% classified as complete categories, the average presentation of the feasibility of practical tools and materials 90.67% included in the excellent category based on the Ministry of Education number 24 of 2007. The effectiveness of practicum implementation in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol is classified as effective category with an average presentation of practicum at 85%. Coupled with an average increase in cognitive competencies average preetest 58 increase in posttest by as much as 87 in addition to the average value of competence in the areas of psychomotor average preetest obtained 60 and posttest 90 showed a significant increase competency knowledge and skills of learners. Success in the cognitive domain will also have a positive impact on the development of the psychomotor domain (skills) of students. Management of laboratory facilities and infrastructure planning in improving the quality of learning in schools must be planned by the head of the laboratory, planning science teachers by preparing learning tools and identifying the subject matter to be practiced in the laboratory, laboratory administration governance supported by good organization from the leadership of policy makers in school. Implementation of laboratory facilities and infrastructure management in improving the quality of learning in schools including procurement, inventory, storage, structuring, use, and maintenance. Supervision carried out by the principal is in accordance with the provisions, to be more efficient the school should make a program or schedule of supervision processes to be more controlled and run well and smoothly.
Base excision repair system plays an indispensable role in maintaining genomic integrity, and its ability to mediate and repair carcinogen-induced DNA lesion is a key determinant of susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that reduced DNA repair capacity might play a central role in cancer development. This study is divided in two parts, first part was aimed to investigate the BER pathway gene expression at DNA, RNA and proteins levels and to correlate these parameters with head and neck cancer risk and disease progression in Pakistani population. Second part of this study was identification of a panel of deregulated microRNAs and contribution of deregulated miR- 99 family in tumorigenesis of HNSCC. In first part of the study, PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing were used to analyze the whole exonic region of OGG1, APEX1 and XRCC1 in 450 head and neck cancer patients and 300 controls. Sequence analysis of OGG1 gene revealed eight novel mutations (six missense and two frame shift mutations). Among these eight mutations, frequencies of missense mutations, Asp267Asn, Ser279Gly and Ile253Phe were 0.12 (12%), 0.13 (13%) and 0.06 (6%) respectively. Frequencies of other missense mutations, 1578A>T, 1582C>T and Ala399Glu were 0.13 (13%), 0.13 (13%) and 0.16 (16%), whereas values for the frame shift mutations 1582insG and 1543_1544delCT were 0.13 (13%) and 0.16 (16%). In addition to these mutations, two silent (Gln718Gln, His699-700His) and four missense (Ala597Val, Thr608-610Pro, Glu707Lys and 1578G<A) mutations of OGG1 gene were observed specifically in laryngeal cancer patients. DNA sequences for APEX1 gene exhibited three novel muatations such as 13T>G, Ser129Arg and Val131Gly in HNC patients. Frequency of 13T>G, Ser129Arg and Val131Gly was calculated as 0.17 (17%), 0.24 (24%) and 0.22 (22%) respectively. Germline screening of XRCC1 gene revealed two silent and two missense mutations. Frequency of silent mutations; Pro206Pro and Gln632Gln was calculated as 0.16 (16 %) and 0.30 (30 %) respectively. Whereas, the frequency of missense mutations; Arg399Gln and Tyr576Asn was calculated as 0.27 (27 %) and 0.28 (28 %) respectively. xThe mRNA level and protein levels of base excision repair pathway genes (OGG1, APEX1 and XRCC1) and a proliferation marker, Ki-67, was studied in a cohort of 50 HNSCC patients and controls, using real-time PCR and Immunohistochemistry in order to determine the potential prognostic significance of these factors. Using real-time PCR, statistically significant down-regulation of XRCC1 (p<0.01) and OGG1 (p<0.04) was observed in HNC tumor samples compared to control samples. Ki-67 (p<0.03) and APEX1 (p<0.02) was over-expressed in HNC tumor samples versus control samples. Immunohistochemical analysis of OGG1, APEX1, XRCC1 and Ki-67 showed that among 50 HNC samples that we examined, 78% of OGG1 cases exhibited down-regulated expression, 65% of APEX1cases exhibited up-regulated level, 64% of XRCC1cases showed down-regulation and 75% of Ki-67 cases exhibited up-regulation. From the current study, OGG1, APEX1 and XRCC1 were found to be one of the factors responsible for systematic progression of HNC. Our data suggests that germline mutations in base excision repair and down-regulation of base excision repair pathway genes, such as OGG1 and XRCC1, combined with over-expression of APEX1 and Ki-67 (a marker for excessive proliferation) may contribute to the initiation and progression of HNSCC in Pakistani population. MicroRNA deregulation is a critical event in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Several microRNA profiling studies aimed at deciphering the microRNA signatures of HNSCC have been reported, but there tends to be poor agreement among these studies. The second part of this study was to survey the published microRNA profiling studies on HNSCC, and to assess the commonly deregulated microRNAs in an independent sample set. We identified 67 commonly deregulated microRNAs in current study. The up-regulation of miR-21, miR-155, miR-130b, miR-223 and miR-31, and down-regulation of miR-100, miR-99a and miR-375 were further validated in an independent set of HNSCC cases with quantitative RT-PCR. Among these validated microRNAs, miR-100 and miR-99a belong to miR-99 family. Our in vitro study demonstrated that restoration of miR-100 to HNSCC cell lines suppressed cell proliferation and migration, and enhanced apoptosis. Furthermore, ectopic transfection of miR-99 family members down-regulated the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 xireceptor (IGF1R) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) genes. In current study, we identified a panel of frequently deregulated microRNAs in HNSCC, including members of miR-99 family. The deregulation of miR-99 family contributes to the tumorigenesis of HNSCC, in part by targeting IGF1R and mTOR signaling pathways.