بشیر احمد چونچال
چونچال (۱۹۱۰ئ۔۱۹۸۵ئ) کا اصل نام بشیر احمد اور چونچالؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ چونچال سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ (۵۱۸) ان کی زندگی عسرت اور عدم آسائش کا شکار رہی لیکن وہ اپنے وقت میں مشاعروں کے مقبول ترین شعرا میں شمار ہوتے تھے۔ ان کا ایک شعری مجموعہ ’’منقار‘‘ دوست پبلی کیشنز اسلام آباد نے ۲۰۰۰ء میں شائع کیا۔ جو طنز یہ ومزاحیہ شاعری پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کتاب میں غزلیں ،نظمیں اور قطعات شامل ہیں۔ یہ مجموعہ ایک سو پچاس صفحات پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کتاب کے آغاز میں کامران مسعود کا مضمون’’ابتدائیہ‘‘ اصغر سودائی کا مضمون ’’چونچال ایک منفرد شاعر ‘‘،انور مسعود کا مضمون’’سیالکوٹ کا واحد ظریف شاعر‘‘ اور ضمیر جعفری کا تبصرہ ’’کلام بولتا ہے ‘‘ شامل ہیں۔
’’منقار‘‘ کے علاوہ ان کا کلیات زیر ترتیب ہے ابھی تک ان کا مجموعی کلام دسیتاب نہیں ہو سکا۔
بشیر احمد چونچال عظیم مزاح نگار شعرا میں ایک امتیازی حیثیت رکھتے تھے۔ اس امر کے کہ وہ عصر حاضر کے مزاح نگاروں میںصفِ اول کے شاعر تھے انھیں وہ مقام و مرتبہ نہ مل سکا جو ان سے کم تر درجے کے شاعروں کو مل چکا ہے یا مل رہا ہے۔
اصغر سودائی چونچالؔ کی عظمت کے حوالے سے رقم طرا ز ہیں:
اگر میں یہ کہوں کہ چونچالؔ اکبر الہ آبادی کے بعد دوسرا بڑا شاعر ہے ۔ جس نے فلاح قوم کا بیڑا اٹھایا اور ساری عمر اسی دشت کی سیاہی میں گزار دی تو ہر لحاظ سے یہ ایک ایسا دعویٰ ہو گا جس کی دلیل ان کا کلام ہے۔(۵۱۹)
سید ضمیر جعفری چونچالؔ سیالکوٹی کے دوست تھے اور متعدد مرتبہ سیالکوٹ میں چونچال سے ان کی ملاقاتیں بھی ہوئیں۔چونچال اور ضمیر جعفری اکٹھے مشاعر ے بھی پڑھتے رہے۔ ضمیر جعفری چونچال کے بارے میں چونچال کے شعری مجموعے پر اپنے...
Abstract By preserving and narrating hadīth, a chain of narrators was started to maintain its authenticity. When the experts of hadīth realized that some unreliable transmitters might try to fabricate Hadīth, this work started more systematically. Even the chain gradually attained such importance that every Muhaddīth was concerned much about it. In the second century of Hijra, when the teaching and learning of hadīth became the standard of honor and great respect, some people devoted their lives to this work. They travelled to many countries of world and obtained the knowledge of Hadīth from prominent scholars of their time. Experts of Asmā-ul-Rijāl awarded them the certificate of holding the highest position of trust and credibility. The chains having such trustworthy transmitters are considered to be of higher rank than others. Among such traditions there is also one "Mālik-an-Nāfi'-an-Ibn-e-Umar". Due to the reliability of its narrators, Imām Bukhāri and many other Muhaddithīn considered it as "golden chain". When some of the Orientalists started raising objections to the Prophetic Hadīth, they criticized the narrators of the Hadīth as well. Especially the narrators who were declared trustworthy and reliable by Muslim scholars. For this, they especially criticized Abu Hūraira from among the companions and Imām Zuhri among the Successors. The chain of hadīth, (Mālik an-Nāfi' an-Ibn e Umar) “golden chain” was also seriously criticized by Joseph Schacht and Juynboll etc. In this article, a comparative study of the viewpoints of the Muhaddithīn and the Orientalists regarding the chain “Mālik an-Nāfi' an-Ibn eUmar” is presented.
Biochemical changes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy pregnant women (HPW) were studied. 103 GDM women and 97 HPW were selected and registered for the study from the admitted pregnant women of Gynea Ward of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Sociodemographic and other pregnancy related information, including monthly-income, age, body mass index (BMI), parity, previous history of gestational diabetes and family history of diabetes, were collected on a well-designed questionnaire. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), random blood sugar (RBS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), hemoglobin (Hb), platelet count (PC), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), liver function tests namely alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum bilirubin, renal function tests namely urea, creatinine, and hormones like insulin, prolactin, cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by standard procedures using recommended kit for each procedure. The data were statistically analyzed using computer software, SPSS version 10. The mean monthly income of GDM and HPW was Rs.30845 ± 11107 vs Rs.28360 ± 11511, mean age was 34.01 ± 4.54 years vs 30.30 ± 5.86 years, mean BMI was 28.07 ± 2.90 kg/m 2 vs 27.30 ± 1.94 kg/ m 2 , mean parity was 5.44 ± 2.49 vs 4.95 ± 2.43, mean systolic BP was 114.80 ± 17.14 mm Hg vs 107.70 ± 19.40 mm Hg and mean diastolic BP was 86.50 ± 7.48 mm Hg vs 80.70 ± 10.02 mm Hg respectively. Age, BMI, systolic and diastolic BP was significantly higher (P<0.05) according to Pearson Chi- square test in GDM women as vicompared to HPW. The mean FBS, RBS and HbA1c of GDM women and HPW were 111.69 ± 8.70 mg/dL vs 86.59 ± 6.91, 145.45 ± 6.62 mg/dL vs 123.52 ± 9.37mg/dL and 6.58 ± 1.30 vs 4.95 ± 0.45 respectively. The FBS, RBS and HbA1c of GDM women were significantly higher than the HPW (P<0.001). The mean Hb concentration and PC of GDM women and HPW were 10.98 ± 1.12% vs 11.01 ± 1.03% and 226.31 thousand/mL vs 228.14 ± 37.61 thousand/mL. In lipid profile TC and TG of GDM group were significantly higher than the contol group (P<0.01). The mean TC of GDM and HPW was 206.01 ± 18.79 mg/dL vs 195.01 ± 24.15 mg/dL, TG was 190.12 ± 19.83 mg/dL vs 172.13 ± 21.66 mg/dL, HDL-C was 55.21 ± 8.20 mg/dL vs 56.20 ± 8.82 mg/dL and LDL-C was 93.13 ± 18.71 mg/dL vs 88.10 ± 16.36 mg/dL respectively. Liver and renal function tests of GDM women were not significantly different (P<0.05) from HPW. In liver function tests the mean ALT, ALP and serum bilirubin values of GDM women were 30.21 ± 12.47 U/L, 190.55 ± 22.20 U/L, 0.67 ± 0.41 mg/dL while of HPW were 29.64 ± 7.96 U/L, 189.95 ± 21.28 U/L, 0.58 ± 0.17 mg/dL respectively. In renal function tests the mean serum urea and serum creatinine values of GDM women were 23.70 ± 8.54 mg/dL and 0.82 ± 0.32 mg/dL while of HPW were 21.97 ± 6.16 mg/dL and 0.74 ± 0.15 mg/dL respectively. The mean insulin level of GDM women were 33.68 ± 3.69 μIU/mL, which was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the mean insulin level of HPW (29.80 ± 2.80 μIU/mL ). Among placental hormones the mean prolactin values of GDM women and HPW were 135.47 ± 9.83 ng/mL vs 131.80 ± 8.54 ng/mL and mean serum cortisol values were 734.9 ± 51.1 ng/mL vs 719.2 ± 54.7 ng/mL. The mean serum prolactin and serum cortisol values of GDM women were significantly higher (P< 0.05) when compared to HPW. No significant differences were viiobserved in the concentration of thyroid hormones. The mean TSH values of GDM and HPW were 1.72 ± 0.95 mlU/L vs 1.87 ± 0.83 mlU/L, mean T 3 values were 2.51 ± 0.62 nmol/L vs 2.62 ± 0.57 nmol/L, mean T 4 values were 103. 86 ± 14.74 nmol/L vs 105.38 ± 13.93 nmol/L. Cesarean sections (P=0.009), still birth rate (P=0.003) and macrosomic babies (P=0.001) were significantly more in GDM group.