بائیو ٹیکنالوجی اور اس کے اثرات، دینی و اخلاقی پہلو

Biotechnology has helped to improve the quality of people’s lives over ten thousand years. Today’s biotechnologies vary in application and over the last century, the number and range of biotechnologies have rapidly increased. A key to this increase was the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953, leading to numerous applications, particularly in forensics, medicine and agriculture. There are some strong religious and ethical views and observations regarding the advancement of this technology. Biotechnology involving practices such as organ transplants, manipulating human embryos and using animal in research may be particularly offensive to some groups of people, while the fundamental aim of this technology is to meet human needs or demands to improve the quality of life. Ethics and Xenotransplantation, Ethics and Zebrafish, Ethics and organ donation and Designer Babies have become today’s controversial issues. This article aims to explore these issues and analyze as per religious ethical values and standards.  

Metallic Nanoparticles Effects on Physical Properties of Cut1-1223 Superconductor

Metallic (i.e. Cu, Ag and Au) nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by sol-gel method and (CuTl)0.5Ca2Ba2Cu3O10-δ (CuTl-1223) superconducting phase was synthesized by solid-sate reaction method. Different wt. % of these MNPs were added in CuTl-1223 superconducting phase to obtain (D)x/(CuTl)-1223; (x = 0 ~ 4 wt.% and D = Cu, Ag and Au) nanoparticlessuperconducting composites and their physical properties were investigated. X-rays diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-rays dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) were utilized for structural, morphological and compositional analysis of these composites. Superconducting transport properties were investigated by resistivity versus temperature (R-T) measurements with the help of Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS). The role of these MNPs on flux pinning strength in (CuTl)-1223 superconducting phase was investigated by thermally activated flux flow (TAFF) model. The broadening of superconducting transition regions in R-T curves was decreased with the inclusion of these MNPs in (CuTl)-1223 superconducting matrix, which was increased with the increase of applied magnetic field due to TAFF. Activation energy (Uo) was increased with the inclusion of these MNPs up to certain optimum level in (CuTl)-1223 superconductor, indicating strong flux pinning abilities of these MNPs. Transition widths (∆T) were suppressed by inclusion of these MNPs in (CuTl)-1223 superconducting matrix, while it was increased with the increase of external applied magnetic field. The reduction in ∆T and enhancement in Uo demonstrated the enhancement in flux pinning ability of CuTl-1223 superconducting phase with the inclusion of MNPs. The broadening in ∆T with external applied magnetic field obeyed the power law (∆T= ∆To+ CHn). The value of upper critical magnetic field (Hc2) of (CuTl)-1223 superconductor was enhanced with the inclusion of MNPs up to some optimum level, which was suppressed with external applied magnetic field. The zero resistivity critical temperature (Tc), infield critical current density (Jc) were increased and normal state resistivity ρ (Ω-cm) was decreased with the inclusion of MNPs in (CuTl)-1223 superconducting phase. Over all superconducting properties of (CuTl)-1223 superconducting phase were improved due to enhanced inter-grain connectivity by filling up the pores and voids with the inclusion of these MNPs. The superconducting transport properties were enhanced due to enhanced mobility of carriers with improved inter-grain connections. These superconducting properties were suppressed after certain optimum level of these MNPs inclusion as result of suppression of superconducting volume fraction.