ڈاکٹر علامہ محمد اقبالؒ (۱۸۷۷ء ۔ ۱۹۳۸ء) سیالکوٹ کے محلہ چوڑی گراں میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ’’اسرارِ خودی‘‘ علامہ کی پہلی شعری تصنیف ہے جو ۱۲ ستمبر ۱۹۱۵ء میں شائع ہوئی۔ یہ کتاب فارسی زبان میں فلسفہ خودی کے موضوع پر لکھی گئی ہے۔ کیمبرج یونیورسٹی کے پروفیسر ڈاکٹر نکلسن نے اس کا انگریزی زبان میں ترجمہ کیا۔ دوسری کتاب رموز بے خودی ۱۰ اپریل ۱۹۱۸ء میں شائع ہوئی۔ یہ کتاب اسرارِ خودی ہی کی توسیع تھی اور تسلسلِ خیال۔ علامہ نے اسے اسرارِ خودی خودی کا حصہ دوم قرار دیا۔(۱۹۹) ’’پیامِ مشرق‘‘ علامہ اقبال کی تیسری تصنیف ہے۔ یہ شعری مجموعہ فارسی زبان میں ہے جو ۹ مئی ۱۹۲۳ء میں شائع ہوا۔ جرمنی کے شہرت یافتہ مستشرق ڈاکٹر ہانسی مائنکے نے اس شعری مجموعے کا جرمنی زبان میں ترجمہ کیا۔ اقبال کا چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ’’بانگ درا‘‘ اردو زبان میں ۳ ستمبر ۱۹۲۴ء میں شائع ہوا۔ ’’بانگِ درا‘‘ میں اقبال کا ابتدائی اردو کلام ہے۔ پہلے حصے میں ابتداء سے ۱۹۰۵ء تک کا کلام اور دوسرے حصے میں ۱۹۰۵ء سے ۱۹۰۸ء تک کا کلام ہے۔ ’’زبورِ عجم‘‘ اقبال کا پانچواں شعری مجموعہ ہے جو جون ۱۹۲۷ء میں شائع ہوا۔ یہ مجموعہ فارسی زبان میں ہے۔ ’’جاوید نامہ‘‘ اقبال کا چھٹا فارسی شعری مجموعہ ہے جو فروری ۱۹۳۲ء میں شائع ہوا۔ ’’مسافر‘‘ (مثنوی) کا آغاز اقبال کے سفرِ افغانستان سے واپسی پر ہوا۔ اس کی اشاعت ۱۹۳۴ء میں ہوئی۔ ’’بالِ جبریل‘‘ اقبال کا ساتواں اردو شعری مجموعہ ہے جو جنوری ۱۹۳۵ء میں شائع ہوا۔ یہ مجموعہ غزلیات اور مختلف عنوانات پر نظموں پر مشتمل ہے۔ اقبال کا آٹھواں شعری مجموعہ ’’ضربِ کلیم‘‘ جولائی ۱۹۳۲ء میں شائع ہوا۔ یہ مجموعہ مختلف عنوانات پر نظموں پر مشتمل ہے۔
نواں مجموعہ مثنوی ’’پس چہ باید کرداے اقوامِ مشرق‘‘ ہے جس کی اشاعت اکتوبر ۱۹۳۲ء کو ہوئی۔ ’’ارمغان حجاز‘‘ اقبال کا دسواں شعری مجموعہ جو فارسی اور اردو کلام پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کی اشاعت نومبر ۱۹۳۸ء میں ہوئی۔
اقبال نے اپنی...
Shaykh-ul-Islam Ahmad bin Abdul Haleem alias Ibn Taymiyya (661-728 AH) is one of the great personalities whose far-reaching effects of his thoughts and opinions have been felt in every age. The issues, on which Allama Ibn Taymiyya has a different opinion, are the result of his such research as well as liquidation, wisdom, Ijtihad and continuous consideration as well as deliberation which have been based on Quran and Sunnah, the interaction of companions and speculation. In his Ijtihadi issues, there is a collection of evidence and proofs related to the Quran and Sunnah. Most of Ibn Tamiya’s dissent is of a jurisprudential and principled nature. Some of these dissents are against the consensus of the Ummah. Some are against the religion of the four Imams, some differences are contrary to Hanbali School of thought itself and some differences are against the majority of scholars. Allama Ibn Taymiyya also has such differences in which he looks unique and distinguished from the whole Ummah. One of them is related to the pilgrimage to the tomb of the Holy Prophetﷺ. According to Islamic scholars, traveling to visit the tomb of the Holy Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is permissible and rewarding. The majority of scholars agree on this. Ibn Tamiya’s position and the difference is that if he did not intend to offer prayers in the Holy Prophet's Mosque during this pilgrimage, then it is not permissible according to most of the scholars and imams, nor has it been commanded. According to the command of the Holy Prophet ﷺ, the reason behind this is that only three mosques should be packed, namely Masjid al-Haram, Masjid al-Nabawi, and Masjid al-Aqsa. After the Prophet of Islam, there is room for disagreement with the words and deeds of everyone in Islamic thought. Almost all the great scholars have disagreed with this position and have refuted it with arguments. But their other religious and national services cannot be ignored based on this distinction. In the article under discussion, Ibn Tamiya’s position and his arguments will be critically examined in light of the views of other scholars of the ummah.
Present study is an effort to explore relationship between positive thinking, coping with daily stressors and health outcomes. The researcher hypothesized that those who have positive thinking will appraise stressors less threatening, use problem focused coping strategies and will have better health as compared to the negative thinkers. Research was divided into two parts: Study I and Study II. In study I, the researcher developed and validated a Daily Stressor Scale (DSS) for university teachers. In order to develop the scale, countrywide data was collected from the university teachers. To make the data representative, 264 university teachers from the major universities of all provinces of Pakistan, Federal area and Azad Jammu & Kashmir were included in the study. A 27 items Daily Stressor Scale (DSS), having four subscales, was validated by factor analysis. The psychometric property of DSS was established by convergent validly. Separate norms were developed for total scale, subscales and for males and females. In study II, relationships among positive thinking, coping with DSS and health were analyzed in a sample of 182 faculty members, selected randomly, from University of Education. Positive thinking, operationalized as optimism, was measured through Life Orientation Test–Revised (LOT-R, Scheier, Carver & Brigades, 1994), coping with Brief Cope (Carver, 1997) and health with General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg, 1972). The results indicated significant relationships between positive thinking, daily stressors, and problem focused coping and health. Positive thinking accounted for 42% of variance in stress reduction, 12% in effective coping and 20% in health and wellbeing. Optimism and gender were the significant predictors of stress,coping and health. The findings were congruent with Fredrickson’s Broaden and Build Theory of Positive Emotions and Lazarus Model of Transactional Approach to Stress. Implications for clinical, counseling and educational settings, institutions, family and community are discussed.