قرون وسطی میں مصر سے ملتان تک قرامطہ کے سیاسی و مذہبی اثرات

With the decline of strong Muslim Khilafate various sectarian based movements proved a serious danger for the Muslim world. Qramtah movement was most famous among them. During the latter period of Abbassid Khila-fate, Qaramtah appeared very strongly. They had a strong hold in different part of Islamic state. Bahrin was their strong head quarter and then they spread all around in state especially in rural areas. They defeated a large and powerful army of Khalifa with a small army severl time. Qramtah killed a millions of innocent Muslims. They captured Makkah and disgrced “Bait Ullah” and banned Hajj for almost 20 years. They propagated their philosophy and beliefs in all over the Muslim world by force. Qramtah also established a strong government in Multan after the departure of Muhammad bin Qasim. Jalam bin Shaban was a famous Qramtian ruler of Multan In 1004 A.D. When Mehmood Ghaznavi came in Multan at that time Abul Fatih Dawud Qramti was the ruler of Multan Mehmood arrested him and destroyed the power of Qramtah in Multan. Qramtah continued serious unrest in Islamic world for four centuries. This movement effected badly the Muslim world and they have become politically weak against their political rival Christianity.    

Factors Affecting Reading Culture in Elementary Schools of Naushahro Feroze

Among the four skills of a language, reading is a very important skill. It enhances understanding, knowledge and information. For a student, reading is very essential for concept building. Reading develops in a certain environment. Without the culture of reading, one cannot promote one's skill of reading. Thus to explore the factors affecting reading culture, a research study was carried out in Naushahro Feroze, using qualitative research method. The research was conducted through a case study methodology. Two secondary schools were selected for this research; a public school and a private school. Data was gathered through interview questionnaire and through observation of schools in terms of available reading facilities. The research participants were six students from grade six, seven and eight of both schools. Besides students, there were parents of students and six class teachers from both schools. The condition of the public school was not good which will be discussed in chapter regarding reading culture. However, the private school had somewhat reading culture. Regarding home conditions, it was known that some parents provided reading material to their children while some could not afford due to their economic issues. It was found that lack of resources and facilities regarding reading and frequent usage of electronic devices, such as mobile phones and computers, were the impeding factors for the development of reading culture. On the other hand, it was pointed out that the establishment of libraries, provision of student-friendly reading material and careful parenting, in terms of giving opportunities and facilities for reading, were the facilitating factors for development of reading culture. To sum up, it was explored that there was no reading culture in school and in society. It was strongly suggested that all stakeholders needed to take responsibility for the development of reading culture. In this regard, the government should establish libraries in each school and town. It should provide books on discount to students so that they can purchase and read books.