حقوق الإنسان المدنية من خلال وثيقة المدينة: دراسة مقارنة بالمواثيق الدولية

حقوق الإنسان المدنية من خلال وثيقة المدينة: دراسة مقارنة بالمواثيق الدولية This research aims to give the reader a comprehensive view of civil human rights through a comparative study of the Charter of Medina and international conventions. The Charter of Medina designed the foundation of a multi-religious Islamic state in Medina, as it was signed to end the rancorous intertribal aggression among the opposing tribes of Banu ’Aws and Banu Khazraj in Medina and to uphold harmony and co-operation among all Medinan groups. Its major accomplishment was fetching confrontational clans together to form a community and inaugurating long term peace among them. It put an end to the predominant disorder and sheltered the life, self-determination, property and religious freedom for all people. The paper highlights the relevance and importance of civil human rights through the Charter of Medina as well as international conventions in the up-to-date worldwide civilization. The present research examines the historical document of Charter of Medina and elucidates it through examples from Quran and Sunnah as well as compares its core values with international conventions. In this regard the views of the past and contemporary scholarship are also discussed to analyze the challenges and issues of current time. In recent times the efforts and implications of civil human rights have unfolded in many different ways so it is very important for Muslims to know and to relate the Sharī’ah ruling regarding it. The research concludes that as compare to the international convections the system of justice in the Islamic Sharī’ah ensures all rights and with liabilities.

اردو کے تاریخی ناول میں ہیرو کا کردار تجزیاتی-و-تقابلی جائزہ

Novel is considered to be one of the most famous genres of Urdu literature. These genres come from West, got popularity and rapidly made progress. Due to comprehensiveness of topics and diversity in styles in the twentieth century, many aspects of thought and art emerged and surfaced. Urdu novel has a vast canvas. It deals with all aspects of life like political, social, psychological, romantic and historical. It also discusses the individual aswell as social aspect of life. In short nothing is outside the ambit of this genre. Amongst all these aspects, the most important is historical aspect. History is the most precious asset of any nation. In a novel, the importance of characters can''t be underestimated but the importance of a hero is so much conspicuous that he stands prominent like a moon amongst the stars or like a pearl in the heap of stones. Hero is the central character of any novel but in historical novels, his importance becomes manifold. Along the historical events, the presentation of historical characters is also very important. No one can deny the importance of secondary and flat characters, but the importance of a hero is worth-maintaining. Different treaties on the topics of novel-writing, its art and different styles have written in University of this genre have helped illuminate deferent hidden aspects. However, the role of a hero in historical novels, his merits and demerits, judging and evaluating different aspects of his personality also constitutes important topics. But in the historical novels of Urdu , on the topics of the role of hero, his critical and competence , evolution, no worth-maintaining research has been made, so for on this topic no thorough, comprehensive, in-depth research has been carried out. Realizing this lack of research on this topic, I decided to choose this topic. It is also a fact that important personalities attached to historical events are later on presented in stories. While casting them in stories, this work is to be done with great insight and care. That is the reason that as compared with other heroes of the novels, for the making of a hero of a historical novel, all capabilities and abilities are to be collected and mustered.