ڈاکٹر راجندر پرشاد
سابق صدر جمہوریہ ہند ڈاکٹر راجندر پرشاد کی موت ہندوستان کا ایک بڑا قومی حادثہ ہے، وہ اپنے قومی و ملکی خدمات کے لحاظ سے صف اول کے لیڈروں میں تھے، ہندوستان کی جنگ آزادی میں ان کے بڑے کارنامے ہیں، چمپارن کی مشہور ستیہ گرہ کے گویا ہیرو تھے، وہ گاندھی جی کے خاص تربیت یافتہ اور ان کے معتمد علیہ تھے، ان میں ان کی بہت سی اخلاقی خوبیاں موجود تھیں، جو آخر تک قائم رہیں، ہندوستان کی آزادی کے بعد کانگریس کے بہت سے لیڈروں کے خیالات اور کردار میں تبدیلی ہوگئی ہے، ان سے ان کا دامن محفوظ تھا، وہ کانگریس کے پرانے اصولوں پر برابر قائم رہے، اور اپنے جلیل القدر عہدے کی ذمہ داریوں کو بھی بڑی خوبی کے ساتھ نباہا، طبعاً بڑے شریف اور مرنجان مرنج تھے اور قومی و ملکی معاملات میں ان کا دل بہت وسیع تھا، اس لیے کسی طبقہ کو بھی ان سے کوئی شکایت نہیں پیدا ہوئی، وہ پرانے کایستھ تھے اس لیے اردو اور فارسی تہذیب سے بہت اچھی واقفیت رکھتے تھے، اور بہت شستہ اردو بولتے اور لکھتے تھے، اور ان میں قدیم مشترک تہذیب کی بہت سی خوبیاں موجود تھیں، اس لیے ان کی موت مختلف حیثیتوں سے بڑا قومی سانحہ ہے۔ اور ان کا نام ہندوستان کی تاریخ میں ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گا۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۶۳ء)
Customs and traditions have a significant role in the social set up of every society. These customs project a picture of its culture, manners, beliefs, mental inclinations and life style. For social advancement, it is necessary for a nation to take reformative steps with respect to changing situations. They should adopt the customs that are productive and avoid the harmful ones. It has been a ground reality that the progressive nations have got the leading position having modifying their customs and traditions, while those who have been conservative are backward in the global race restricting on their outdated norms and so called customs. In the prestigious age of the Holy Prophet (BPUH) and his followers, various laws and principles were formulated for the uplift of society, which provided a broad based concept of “custom”. The Islamic jurists have taken the custom as a source of Islamic legislation. In the article under reference, custom has been highlighted with respect to Islamic thoughts in various ages of Islamic history in a number of recommendations have been presented in order to uplift the society and to aware the Muslim theologians and Muftees accordingly.
The current research work was conducted to examine, the isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Avulavirus-1 (AAvV-1) that affected different avian species, in past this virus is known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or Avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) causing Newcastle disease (ND) in both poultry and non-poultry avian species in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) during 2017-18. AAvV-1s are distributed worldwide and the global risk of ND and there are some needs of safe and consistent approaches to elucidate its epidemiology. Hence, the aim of this study was to pathotyped and genetically characterized AAvV-1 isolated from diseased and clinically healthy poultry and multiple non-poultry avian species in AJK. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis based on complete fusion gene sequences showed that fifteen AAvV-1 isolates obtained from poultry, ducks and peacock belonged to sub-genotype VIIi. Though, one pigeon-origin AAvV-1 isolates were clustered in sub-genotype VI-g and three in recently designated new sub-genotype VI-m of class II. Interestingly, the AAvV-1 isolates of genotype VI and VII had epidemiological connections with viruses isolated recently from different locations in Pakistan. The pigeon-origin isolates had the following two motifs 112-RRKKRF-117 and 112-RRQRRF-117, while all other isolates possess the polybasic sequence of amino acid 112-RRQKR?F-117 at the cleavage site F, which is an important characteristic of virulent strains. Our findings, together with recent AAvV-1 studies, suggest possible virus interspecies transmission between poultry and non-poultry avian species and the potential for an AAvV-1 epidemic in the future. The viruses are prevalent in AJK, this work highlighted the need for continuous and large-scale surveillance studies to control and eradicate the disease.