خواتین كی ملازمت تعلیمات اسلامی كی روشنی میں

Women employment is a practical issue of the modern age. It is adopted by almost all the nations and countries of the world. In the western countries rights of women including employment, trade, property, education etc were recognized after the efforts ofWomen Liberation Movement. However, in Islam these were declared their basic rights since the first day. A western woman is bound to earn her livelihood as it is not the duty ofa western man to provide her basic needs. However, in Islam a woman is legally protected for the provision of all her basic needs and it is the duty of her father, brother, husband and son to provide these to her. Islam permits a woman to do a job or carry out trade activities and earn money subject to some conditions. These may be carried out by the permission of her husband, father, etc. Besides employment, a woman should perform her obligations at her home and family, which is her basic duty. She must be careful about her husband and children rights. She must observe Hijab and abstain from mixing with non-mehram men and should follow other social teachings of Islam. Wealth earned by her is considered her property and she can spend it any way at her discretion. Study of Islamic History revealed that many of the wives of the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam) and Sahabiyat (RA) carried out business activities and performed other jobs and thus earned money. They spent it to assist the Prophet's noble cause and to assist their husbands and to care their children. These activities were considered authorized and endorsed by the prophet (Sallalla ho alaihe wassalam)

Rent Seeking and Economics Efficiency of Selected Manufacturing Industry of Pakistan

The study attempts to empirically establish whether rent seeking diverts industries to non-maximizing direction resulting in lower efficiency scores and hence impaired performance of the economy as a whole. Technical and allocative efficiency scores of six manufacturing industries have been calculated using stochastic frontier analysis and data envelopment analysis on a pooled data for the year 1982 to 2005. Subjective evidence from previous studies about collusive rent seeking practices has been incorporated in the methodology. A hypothesis has been tested whether rent seeking causes inefficiency. The results show that industries with subjective evidence of collusive rent seeking empirically prove to be rent seekers with lower technical and allocative efficiency scores compared to fair industries. Hypothetical results prove that Sugar, Cement, and Automobile Manufacturing industries are involved in collusive rent seeking due to which their efficiency scores are significantly lower than fair industries which include Paints, Beverages and Fertilizer industries. In industries affected by rent seeking, profit-maximization approach is replaced by rent-maximization where the entrepreneurs lose interest in increasing productivity and resources are wasted to form collusive bodies to control market factors and have supportive regulations. To offset this affect, protection as well as privatization policies may be formulized carefully and regulatory bodies may be re-structured and neutralized to ensure that rent seeking monopolistic cartels are not formed and as a result a competitive environment is developed. The study recommends that industries may be supplied with cheaper and abundant energy sources for higher efficiency. Labor-intensive production policies may be implemented as the country is abundant in labor supply. Industrial policies by Federal Government should be based on the recommendations of Planning Commission of Pakistan and these policies should be implemented to full extent. Lastly, the public-sector manufacturing and service enterprises should be re-engineered to develop a competitive industrial environment between public and private sectors as this competitive industrial environment would outsmart non-maximizing rent seekers.