Importance of Evidence of DNA in Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence

DNA or Genetic fingerprinting technology is the topic of the day. It has revolutionized the forensic science. Islamic Jurisprudence has its own procedure and priorities of evidences, which mainly depend upon eyewitness, personal evidence and testimony. It was introduced in 1984. It is used in the identification of parentage, forensic sciences, treatment and diagnosis of diseases. The sequence of base pairs varies from person to person and the relativity of persons is identified by identifying the matching of base pairs. The Contemporary International Institutions of Collective Ijtih฀d have launched heavy discussions on this new evidence and reviewed relevant serious law making efforts based on it, which results in very valuable Fat฀w฀ and resolutions, regarding the use of DNA techniques, as evidence in criminal cases and its limitations and scope in Islamic Jurisprudence. This article discusses and concludes that the genetic fingerprinting technique should be used for the attestation of the cases related to it, along with the traditional way to acquire evidences, even though, it does not have self-sustaining priority, but depends upon other evidences for making a judicial verdict. Like other forensic evidences, it has also errors and intervening factors that limit its accuracy. Therefore, the decisions of crimes liable to ฀ud฀d, Qi฀฀฀ and Diyyat should not depend only upon DNA fingerprinting. Thus, we can say that in the absence of stipulated evidences, rebuking punishment may be sentenced on the basis the evidence of DNA.

Impact of Service Quality & Trust on Repurchase Intention evidence From Selected Airlines of Pakistan

Retaining customers is very important for the future of many companies; this is even more the case in stagnating markets where service or product differences are minimal. This study attempts to investigate a few of directional paths in order to identify which factors can contribute in retaining customers in the industry. Objective of the study is to investigate the domains of the service quality, Trust, customer satisfaction, Brand image and WOM to identify the linkages among these variables and to establish and examine the causal relationship and effects or influences of these variables on each other. This study aims to explore how organizations may retain customers by increasing repurchase intentions through different factors. Data of 500 respondents from international frequent flyer members of Pakistan International Airline and Shaheen Airline was collected by using self-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed through rigorous statistical technique to explore the nature of relationship among variables by examining construct validity and normality. To identify the extent of effects variables cast upon each other, the technique of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is applied through AMOS 20 yielding interesting insights about association among variables. The research findings have provided support to conceptual framework showing both direct and indirect relationships among the variables thus endowing with quantitative model and insights. The study carries both academic and managerial implications, future direction and recommendations that can provide base for future studies.