The Effect of Married Age on the Health of Mother and Baby in Campalagian District

The determinants of child marriage are triggered by complex social, economic, cultural, political and legal disparities. This research method used a cross sectional study. The research sample was 192 women who were married in 2018-2019 in the Campalagian District. This study aims to determine the effect of the age of marriage on the health of ibn and infants in the District of Campalagian. Chi-square test was used to analyze data. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that the age of marriage had an effect on the health of the newborn (p value = 0.003). However, the age of marriage on maternal health during pregnancy, maternal health at delivery, use of contraceptive methods, service standards for birth weight, and support from husbands do not have a significant effect. After conducting bivariate analysis using moderator variables, the results showed that. There is an effect of the age of marriage based on the age of the husband (p value = 0.017) and the husband's education (p value = 0.024) on maternal health at delivery. There is an effect of the age at marriage based on the husband's age (p value = 0.023), the wife's education (p = 0.008), and the husband's education (p = 0.009), on the health of the newborn. It can be concluded that the age of marriage has an effect on the health of the mother and baby and/or if it includes the age and education factors of both the respondent and the partner.

The Importance of a Middle Leaders Support for Teachers in Implementation of the Curriculum in Primary Classes

This study sought to explore a middle leader's support for teachers in the implementation of curriculum in primary classes at a Karachi based school in Pakistan. Selection of this study is based on my own experience as a teacher and the existing literature of leadership, which emphasizes the importance of middle leaders' role in teaching and learning processes in schools. The Qualitative case study approach was used to understand the leadership support process of a middle leader from an Academic Coordinator's perspective in the school context. Findings of the study showed that the middle leader plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining the nature and quality of students' learning experiences. However, a leader's performance is influenced by the circumstances in which the leader works. The Middle leader provides a direction to the group members and helps them in achieving the set goals of the team by developing positive relationships, maintaining sound communication patterns among the group members, role modelling, and guiding the team. Middle leader uses various means/strategies such as classroom observations, informal discussion with teachers, interaction with students and checking students' assessment sheets to monitor the teaching and learning process in the school. Teaching and learning strategies used by the middle leader to support teachers are also similar to the studies of middle leadership in the developed world. Moreover, the leader's familiarity with the school context, collegial culture and definite administrative and academic structure of the school were found as supporting factors for the middle leader. However, at times, teachers' own competencies and monitoring of experienced colleagues was seen to be challenging factors for the middle leader. Furthermore, this study has drawn some implications for me as a professional development teacher and for my research participant as a middle leader. It also drew implications for school in general in the context of Pakistan. This study also recommends: exploration of a middle leader's role in strengthening teamwork; role of the middle leader in private sector; and a comparative study of different middle leaders in a school context.