برصغیر میں غیر مسلم اہل قلم کے بزبان اردو تراجم و تفاسیر قرآنی

Islamic literary legacy is diverse and multidimensional in Sub-continent despite its being prone to religious b and the issue of migration integral part of Islamic literary legacy is the Quranic translations & interpretations. The main aspect of these translations & interpretations are the endeavors put forward by Muslim as well as non-Muslim scholars. Keeping in view the endeavors translations & interpretations of Quran, the non-Muslims minorities of sub-continent can be divided into two groups. The first group of part is based on the followers of Judaism, Parsee, Buddhist, Sikhism, Jainism and idols of Kalash whose translations and interpretations is not well known. Whereas, the second group endure Christians, Hindus and Qadyanis. Christians and Hidus consider Quran as non-revealed. Since the style of their interpretations is based on criticism and rejection in aggressive manner. Whereas the interpretations by Qadyanis are focused on religious polarized beliefs and ideologies taking into considerations Quran as revealed. That’s why Qadyanis interpretations are not accepted in Muslim community. The criticism by non-Muslims writers has resulted in rational approach for study of Quran instead of tendency based on esteem among Muslim. This paper represents aforementioned non-Muslims services regarding Quranic Interpretations and Translations which are distinguished in Muslims Interpreters.

Series and Numerical Solutions for Flows of Chemically Reactive Fluids

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the mass transfer analysis in the two-dimensional boundary layer flow of Newtonian/non-Newtonian fluids near a stagnation point in the presence of chemically reactive species. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions are considered by taking the n th order homogeneous chemical reaction of constant rate n k and the diffusion coefficients of both reactant and autocatalysis are equal in heterogeneous reaction. Heat transfer analysis is also performed using Fourier’s and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux models with thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption. The modeled flow equations in terms of continuity, momentum, temperature and concentration are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformations. Both analytical and numerical solutions are obtained by solving these equations using homotopy analysis method (HAM), Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg algorithm with shooting technique and bivariate spectral collocation quasi-linearization method. A parametric study of all pertinent parameters is accomplished and the physical results are shown through graphs and tables. It is inferred that the concentration of the species decreases with an increment in the strength of homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction parameters, while the concentration boundary layer thickness increases. Furthermore, after a certain value of dimensionless space variable, homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions has no effect on the concentration of reactant and this critical value of space variable depends on the strength of homogeneous reaction.