مالكانہ تصرفات پر نفاذ حجر كے اسباب

Where Islam takes the protection of human life on first priority there it places the fluctuation and safety of one's property and ownership on the second priority_ Qura’nic Verses, sayings of the Prophet and civil and criminal juristic laws stress the protection of property__ The extravagancy, misuse, theft, robbery, usurpation, aleatory, deception and alike have been termed unfair means regarding the property. Besides, according to Muslim jurists there are some other elements, if not checked may lead to deterioration of property_ like disposition of property during immaturity, lunacy, drunkenness and inebriety, stupidity etc. In this connection Islamic Law introduces the rules of Hajr (interdiction) which ensure the sanction upon such a person found suffering from the above imperfection and forbids him to make disposition in his own property and terms it invalid for further legal effects. In juristic terminology such rules are called Hap (interdiction) .

Expression Profiling of Huanglongbing Disease in Citrus Though Molecular Techniques

Huanglongbing (HLB), also called greening, is a fatal disease of citrus. Candidatus Liberibacter, a Gram negative and non culturable bacterium, is the pathogen of huanglongbing. It becomes difficult to detect this bacterium because it is unevenly distributed in its citrus hosts.The bacteria are transmitted naturally to citrus by an insect vector called citrus psyllid. Hussain and Nath documented the occurrence of HLB and its related vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in Pakistan in 1927.In this study, 97 accessions of citrus germplasm were raised in greenhouse. of 97 accessions, 51 were survived. The seed of citrus germplasm was obtained from National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside, California, USA and University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan. For HLB diagnosis in the leaf samples of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cultivar Succari from field, conventional polymerase chain reaction technique was employed. Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) was captured from HLB positive sweet orange field trees and released on healthy plants of sweet orange and kinnow for rearing and infestation in the controlled conditions of growth room. Those plants were also tested for their HLB positivity by using 16s rDNA primers OI1/OI2c and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus specific primer A2/J5. After confirmation of HLB, sweet orange plants infested by ACP in growth room, were usedfor the inoculation of fifty one genotypes of citrus and citrus relatives. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus was detected in 96.07% of the inoculated citrus germplasm by Taqman based real time PCR using primers set HLBasfpr.SYBR green based real time qPCR was performed to differentiate expression of genes in HLB infected and healthy leaf samples of forty five genotypes of citrus and its relatives. Seven genes, includingsulfate transferase (CsSULF), glucose-1-phosphate adenyl transferase (CsSB1), granule bound starch synthase (CsSB2), alpha amylase (CsSD1), alpha amylase 3 (CsSD2), beta amylase9 (CsSD3) and cytochrome P450 mono oxygenase 83B1(CsSUR2) were tested for expression profiling. Gene expression data analysis for relative quantity represented the down regulation ofcarbohydrate metabolism related genes (CsSB1and CsSD3) in Clausena harmandiana while transporter gene CsSULF expressed at equal level in healthy and diseased Glycosmis pentaphylla. Remaining genes did not express in both of the varieties. These two genotypes may be placed in tolerant category against HLB as the causal bacterium was not detected in them. In Tahitian and Schuab, no gene was amplified except CsSULF gene that was down regulated indicating strong root system for plant survival.