علمائے کرام، قائد اعظم اور نظریہ پاکستان

In this article the role played by the Muslim religious scholars in the Pakistan Movement has also been discussed. The most prominent among such scholars were Molana Mazharuddin Malik, Molana Shabeer Ahmad Usmani, Molana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Molana Zafar Ahmad Ansari, Mufti Muhammad Shafee, Molana Ikram Khan Bengali, Molana Ahmad Raza Khan Brailvi, Molana Naeem Uddin Muradabadi, Molana Azad Subhani, Molana Abdul Hamid Badauni, and MolanaAbul Ala Maududi. At the end, an analysis of the ideology of Pakistan has been presented in the light of the excerpts taken from various speeches and statements made by the Quaid during 1938 and 1948. It shows that the Quaid wanted to make Pakistan an Islamic state governed by the teachings of Allah Taala. He wanted to make it a model Islamic state to convince others to realize that the commandments of Allah are practicable and are a means of salvation from hurdles and hardships.

Masculine Politics and Women Political Participation in Punjab, Pakistan

This mixed methods research study intended to explore how the feminine identities of women are used to undermine women capacities, create social barriers and restrict their political participation. For the qualitative research 20 women registered voters were recruited from Bhawana city, District Chiniot, purposively along with 8 women parliamentarians from different political parties. The information collected from the respondents was analyzed through thematic analysis. The results demonstrated the strong hold of domesticity ideology, gendered division of labor and roles, clear demarcation of private and public sphere, strong adherence to biological determinism, hegemonic masculinities and dominance of feminized outlook. The quantitative part of the study comprised of cross sectional survey of 414 women voters from selected villages of Tehsil 18 Hazari, District Jhang and Tehsil Gujar Khan, District Rawalpindi. Model fit indices of femininity, gender roles, political behaviors (political efficacy, political interest, political culture, political socialization), political trust and political participation showed the goodness of fit of samples through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The descriptive analysis elaborated that respondents scored high on femininity, traditional gender roles and patriarchal political culture and low on political interest, political efficacy, political socialization and political participation. The Correlational Analysis described that femininity is negatively correlated with political participation, political efficacy, political trust, political socialization and political trust (conduct of politicians) and positively with patriarchal political culture and political trust (performance and ability of the politicians). Structure Equation Model (SEM) also confirmed the above results.