عدالتی خلع اورپاکستانی عدالتوں کے فیصلوں کی روشنی میں اس کی قانونی بنیادیں Judicial Khul’ and its Legal Grounds in the light of Decisions of Pakistani Courts

The doctrine of Khul’ has, within the course of last few years, assumed a great deal of importance in Pakistan because literacy rate in women is increasing rapidly and their dependency on men is decreasing. Now, women can easily make their own decisions with free consent due to their some awareness about their rights, especially regarding dissolution of marriage. Majority of women is still ignorant about dissolution of marriage on the ground of Khul’. Therefore, it is very necessary to explain all different aspects of “doctrine of Khul’” for ensuring justice in our society. The present research has mainly explored the grounds of judicial Khul’ and other relevant incidents in the light of Pakistani Case Law based on Islamic family Law. The research is based primarily on the decisions of superior courts of Pakistan. The decisions of family courts of Pakistan have been included in the discussion. The relevant provisions of the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939 and the Family Courts Act, 1964 have also been debated. The difference between Khul’ and other modes of dissolution of marriage have also been elaborated briefly.

Impact of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Turnover Intentions in Banking Sector of Pakistan

Human Resource Capital is the most integral part of any organization. Retention of human resources is a critical issue these days. Keeping in view the importance of human capital and its retention, present study aimed to explore the impact of two strong predictors, job satisfaction and organizational commitment, on turnover intentions of employees in banking sector of Pakistan. 250 Survey questionnaires are distributed through convenience sampling in Islamic and Conventional banks to elicit responses of professionals among which 207 questionnaires are returned and used for analysis. Linear regression analysis is conducted to recognize the impact of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on turnover intentions. Findings reveal surprisingly contradictory results from previous studies. Job Satisfaction and organizational commitment are having very negligible impact on turnover intentions. However, similar to previous studies both job satisfaction and organizational commitment are negatively correlated with turnover intentions. The study discovered that turnover intentions of employees in banking sector of Pakistan depend on various other factors too. Results reveal that although students are not much satisfied neither they are much committed with the organization but still they have minimal intention towards leaving the organization. Results are surprising but the paradox can be understood by keeping in view few demographics of respondents as well as the economic condition of the country. The study has significant decision-making suggestions for banks that they are urgently required to look for those critical influential factors that largely affect the turnover intentions of their employees. In addition, banks also need to apply measures to enhance the job satisfaction and organizational commitment of their valuable employees in order to gain sustainable competitive advantage by making them more efficient and productive.