حديث أُمرت أن أقاتل الناس حتى يشهدوا: دراسة في حرية الاعتقاد والفعل

One of the greatest epistemological accomplishments that Muslims have achieved is the establishment of an accurate system of deriving rulings from Sharia texts, which is known as ‘principles of jurisprudence’ or Usūl ul Fiq. Among the significant contents of these subject is dealing with the text which apparently contradicts to other basic principles of Islam or objectives of Sharī’ah. The job of a jurist becomes more significant and difficult in devising the judgments and interpreting the texts as reported by the fundamentalists: inquiring the validity of the texts, finding its weakness with respect to strong argument, and comparing them in terms of authenticity. Other times, he tries to reconcile between the contradictions by keeping in view a meaning consistent with Sharī’ah. The application of these principles gave birth to the variety and diversity of opinions on account of Ijtihād. Keeping in view the above preamble, the author addressed one of the famous Ahadith of Holy Prophet PBUH: “I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify.”. This saying of Holy Prophet PBUH attracted Muslim thinkers in past and present to address its meanings and application. Likewise some related debate has emerged in the modern period as regards whether the term "people" in the hadith is used generically or specifically - forcing these people to Islam after defeating? The author in this context, addressed the terminology of hadith, its apparent contradiction with the principles of Sharī’ah, legal maxims, provisions, diverse interpretations, and added his own opinion. Descriptive and qualitative research approach was employed for the collection, demonstration and analysis of data.

Mediational Role of Job Satisfaction Between Servant Leadership and Employees Loyalty and Organizational Performance in Universities of Peshawar

This study examines the meditational role of job satisfaction in the effects of servant leadership on employees’ loyalty and organizational performance at the universities of Peshawar. Empirical support for such relationship was provided through a sample of 308 faculty members from 17 universities of Peshawar. UsingBarbuto and Wheeler (2006), questionnaire of servant leadership, job satisfaction questionnaire Minnesota satisfaction survey (MSQ), Weiss et al. (1967), employees’ loyalty survey questionnaire (Pandey & Khare, 2012), organizational performance questionnaire (Katou & Budhwar, 2010) and a demographic survey, the data was collected through survey. Evidence supported the reliability and validity of instruments.The results indicate that there is an affirmative direct influence of servant leadership on organizational performance and employees’ loyalty, but this relation becomes stronger when it assesses the indirect influence through job satisfaction as a mediator. Path analysis was used and found significant positive correlation between servant leadership, employees’ loyalty, and organizational performance; job satisfaction is found to play a partial mediating role between them. Theoretically, it contributes to the verification of job satisfaction as intervening variable between servant leadership, employees’ loyalty and organizational performance. The findings provide a course of action and important implication to assist management in understanding servant leadership and job satisfaction better. Therefore, to enhance organizational performance and employees’ loyalty, the leader of the university ought not just adopt servant leadership behavior yet in addition think about the satisfaction of the faculty. Further research on other variables such as changing servant leadership and job satisfaction dimensions and replication of the study in other setting is also recommended for further studies.