قیاس آرائیاں
میں یہ سمجھا تھا
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اس خوش فہمی نے اسے گنوا دیا
اب میرا ہر لمحہ
اس غلط فہمی میں گزرتا ہے
میں نے اپنے دل سے اس کومٹا دیا
يأتي حجاب المرأة المسلمة في صدارة النقاشات السياسية على اعتباره مصدر تهديد حقيقي لعلمانية الغرب وعقلانيته، فأصبح الحجاب هاجسًا مقلقًا للغرب خاصة بعد أحداث 11 سبتمبر 2001 الدامية والتي أدت إلى تزايد العداء ضد الإسلام والمسلمين ولعل أبرز مظاهره حجاب المرأة المسلمة الذي تعرض لحملات تشويه كبيرة وتمثل الوجه الآخر للإرهاب بل هي صانعه. وعليه، تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إبراز الحملة التي تتعرض لها المرأة المسلمة في أوروبا وتحديدا فرنسا وهذا من خلال قراءة وتحليل قانون حظر الرموز الدينية الذي استهدف الحجاب بالدرجة الأولى. ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة فقد استخدمت الباحثتان المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من خلال استعراض مختلف الرواسب التاريخية المتحكمة في الظاهرة محل الدراسة، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها: يمثل قانون حظر الحجاب في الدول الغربية ممارسة عنصرية ضد الإسلام والمسلمين، ويمثل موقف الدول الغربية من حجاب المرأة المسلمة تكريسا لخطاب الكراهية المعادية للإسلام والمسلمين والحرص على قيادة العالم والهيمنة عليه سياسيا وثقافيا وحضاريا
Objective: The objective of this study was to stratify white matter hyperintensities on the basis of neuronal integrity in young and middle age adults by comparing the level of N-acetyl aspartate and creatine ratios in white matter hyperintensity lesions and normal appearing white matter using hydrogen magnetic resonance (H-MR) spectroscopy at 1.5 Tesla(T)
Methods: Fifty consecutive patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria aged 18-50yrs who were referred for magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) of the brain at the Radiology department of Aga Khan University Hospital over a six month period between January and June 2011 were included in the study. These patients had undergone routine MRI brain using the department protocol and were found to have white matter hyperintensities ≥5mm and no other intra-axial abnormalities.
The patients underwent MR spectroscopy of the white matter hyperintensity lesions and a corresponding region of normal appearing white matter at 1.5 Tesla.
Ratios of N-acetyl aspertate/creatine were compared for the white matter hyperintensity lesions and normal appearing white matter. The NAA/creatine ratios of the white matter hyperintensities and normal appearing white matter were analyzed and inferences made regarding neuronal integrity, clinical presentation and location of the white matter lesions. Results:Fifty patients, 25 male and 25 female were included in the final analysis. Thirty nine (78%) patients showed lower levels of NAA/creatine ratios in the white matter hyperintensities compared to normal appearing white matter. Eleven (22%) patients showed higher levels of NAA/creatine ratios in the white matter hyperintensities compared to normal appearing white matter. Paired T test showed a statistically significant difference between the NAA/creatine ratios in the white matter hyperintensity lesions compared to normal white matter(p value of
Forty seven (94%) sampled lesions were in the subcortical and deep white matter compared to 3(6%) lesions in the periventricular location. There was no statistically significance difference in the ratios of NAA/creatine between the periventricular and deep white matter lesions.
Forty seven (94%) of the study patients presented with headache . Twelve (24%) presented with dizziness. No correlation was found between the levels of NAA/creatine ratios and clinical presentation.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that white matter hyperintensities in young and middle age adults are associated with actual neuronal destruction. These patients should be investigated to define the aetiology and if possible interventions to reverse or prevent further neuronal damage.