Interfaith Marriages in Islam: A Case Study of Christian Wives of Muslim Rulers

Force Conversion is adaptation of a different religion or irreligion under duress. Some who have been forced to convert may continue, covertly with the beliefs and practices originally held, while outwardly behaving as converts. At many places the Orientalists put the statement that Islam basic purpose is to establish sovereignty throughout the globe and its primary purport deals with ‘authority’, ‘political’ and ‘economic’ matters for which it also used force for the implementation. Although it is an erroneous statement as Islam’s basic purport is religious, pure and simple; it deals with other social issues. While Islam stressed upon free will and there is no restriction in accepting other religions. As other religions are not in pure form now and Islam is being preserved by Allāh, so it teaches to submit oneself to the Will of Allāh. The early converts to Islam were the Prophet (peace be upon him) close friends Abu Bakr (may Allāh be pleased with her) and his family members in which his faithful wife Khadija (may Allāh be pleased with her), his cousin Ali were on the top, sand his slave Zayed. None of them argued and accepted Islam immediately. Among them Abu Bakr (peace be upon him) enjoyed prominent place among Arabs and with his influence five people accept Islam in which Sa’ad, Zobeir, Talha, Othman and Abd-al-Rahman who were member of prominent families. Abdul Rahman converted four people of his family. Likewise Bilal (may Allāh be pleased with her) was the first slave, ransomed by Abu Bakr (may Allāh be pleased with her). These early converts of Islam were men of piety and dignity.1

Development of Psychological Integral Model for Women Entrepreneurship in South Asia Evidence from Pakistan : A Mediated and Moderated Model

Women have been bound by traditional norms, beliefs, and values in which they are given secondary status within their communities as compared to men. They are marginalized by a patriarchal culture that assigns them the household respon- sibility. Although, women occupation in most of the societies has largely depended on childbearing, sustenance of the family and labor work in industries. However, in recent days the awareness and educational development among women have emerged the desire for small business and entrepreneurship. The idea of women''s entrepreneurship is not new in Pakistan and its acceptance as an important associate to achieve supportable monetary growth. However, despite the intention of doing business by women in Pakistan is low due to diversi ed factors like high discrimination, low trust, lack of con dence in the culture and society. There is rare evidence that women are increasingly involved in decision- making but there is no proper guiding principle to enlighten them to come out of their lives comfort zone. Having observed the literature on women problems and their intention to be self- independent this study has developed a psychological integral model based on the psychological factors determining women entrepreneurship in Pakistan. The present study has also examined the association and impact of these explored factors on the entrepreneurial intention & behavior of young female business stu- dents who are studying in management sciences in di erent universities and degree awarding institutions of Pakistan. The study mainly pedestals on the Theory of Planned Behavior of Ajzen (1991), which can help in clarifying the entrepreneurial business intention & behavior of female students. This cross-sectional study was conducted through a research questionnaire survey by adopting valid instruments. The data was collected from 895 respondents ''female students. The hierarchical regression analysis (bootstrap) applied to test the impact of factors on women entrepreneurial intentions that lead to their behavior using AMOS and SPSS-(bootstrap). The result showed that women with high self-e cacy, self-con dence, the locus of control, social identity,self-realization, self-esteem, family tradition, faced gender discrimination scored higher on women entrepreneurial intention. As a moderator, extrovert and openness to experience (personality dimensions) have less in uence on women entrepreneurial intention but religiosity and per- sonal network in uence women entrepreneurial intention signi cantly. Moreover, results suggest signi cant direct and indirect e ects of women entrepreneurial in- tention through the mediation variables, attitudes towards behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control. Findings of this study will contribute to the entrepreneurial body of knowledge and will be useful to regulators and poli- cymakers to encourage and enhance business intention in women, enabling them to contribute their expected role in Pakistan.