بیماری سے مقابلہ
انسان جب بیماری کا مقابلہ کرنے کے لیے تیار ہو جا تا ہے تو بیماری کی شدت میں کمی شروع ہوجاتی ہے۔ بیماری کے حملوں میں وقفہ بڑھتا جاتا ہے اور ایک ایسا وقت آتا ہے کہ بیماری ختم ہو جاتی ہے۔ انسان کی قوت ارادی اس کو صحت مند بنانے میں کلیدی کردار ادا کرتی ہے۔
اگر وہ بیماری کے خوف کو اپنے اوپر مسلط کر لیتا ہے اور بزعم خودموت کوقر یب تصور کرتا ہے تو اس طرح بیماری میں کمی آنے کی بجائے اس کی شدت میں اضافہ ہو جاتا ہے، اس لیے بیماری کے دوران قوت ارادی کو مضبوط رکھنے کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔
وہ مرد نہیں جو ڈر جائے حالات کے خونی منظر سے
اس دور میں جینا لازم ہے جس دور میں جینا مشکل ہو
بیماری کے خاتمے اور بچاؤ کے لیے عوام اور ریاست کا کردار انتہائی اہمیت کا حامل ہے۔ ظلماتِ امراض کو صحت و تندرستی کے اجالے میں بدلنے کے لیے دونوں کا چولی دامن کا ساتھ ہے۔ ماحول کوآلودگی سے بچانا، معیاری ادویات کی فراہمی، ملاوٹ سے پاک اشیاء کی مارکیٹ میں موجودگی کا انتظام کرنا، ہسپتالوں میں ہمہ قسم سہولیات کی فراہمی، اخبارات کے ذریعے، ٹیلی ویژن اور ریڈیو کے ذریعے شعوری آگاہی، تعلیمی نصاب میں بیماریوں سے محفوظ رکھنے کے لیے مضامین کا اندراج، زرعی پیداوار کے لئے خالص سپرے اور معیاری کھاد کی فراہمی کو یقینی بنانا، ان ہمہ قسم آسائشوں کی فراہمی اگر ریاست اور حکومت وقت کی ذمہ داری ہے تو عوام النّاس کے لیے بھی یہ لازم ہے کہ وہ دستِ تعاون دراز رکھیں۔ انہی اسلوب پرعمل پیرا ہو کر ہی بیماریوں سے چھٹکارا حاصل کیا جاسکتا ہے اور اس میں فرد، معاشرہ، قوم اور ملک کی صحت ہے۔
Pakistan is behind many other countries in the Asia region in reducing poverty. Dedicated poverty reduction Programmes so far were mainly done by NGOs using livelihood and microfinance approaches and since 2008 through the Benazir Income Support Programme’s cash transfer scheme. Recently, the office of the Prime Minister established Ehsaas Strategy which combines the various poverty reduction and social protection approaches in the country under one Programme. This paper argues that a stronger focus on effective income generating poverty reduction Programmes would be needed to make poverty reduction more successful.
Contamination level of antibiotics namely ofloxacin (OFL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LEV), oxytetracycline (OXT) and doxycycline (DOX) were quantified in wastewater, soil, plants and underground water of areas surrounding pharmaceutical industry in Lahore. HPLC with DAD detector, C-18 column and solid phase cartridges were used to analyze antibiotic residues. In wastewater CIP was 3.0-5.25 mg/L, LEV was 0-6.20 mg/L, OFL was 2.45-4.12 mg/L, OXT was 0-9.40 mg/L, and DOX was 1.58-6.75 mg/L. From wastewater antibiotics accumulate in environmental segments and impact human health. From wastewater antibiotics accumulate in soil and plants and percolate to groundwater. The contamination level was 1000 times higher in wastewater samples than other samples, as it is the primary source of antibiotics entering environment. After wastewater, soil was the most contaminated environmental segment and ground water was the least contaminated by these residues but water is very important as it is source of accumulation of antibiotics to human and animal body as well as to plants. Drinking water is most essential thing for life on earth. Due to environmental pollution day by day the quality of drinking water is deteriorating. Ground water is being contaminated due to industrial pollution. In groundwater DOX has highest mean level of contamination and OFL was determined as highest contaminating pollutant in soil. Highest detected value in groundwater of OFL was 0.50, CIP and LEV 0.20, DOX 0.80 and OTC 0.40 ng/L. Ground water has residual level of CIP 0.01-0.20 ng/L, LEV 0.02-0.20 ng/L, OFL 0.01-0.50 ng/L, OTC 0.02-0.40 ng/L, and DOX 0.04-0.80 ng/L. Soil and vegetables are the most integral environmental segments for human and animal life. Day by day both of these segments are becoming polluted by anthropogenic resources and one of the major sources of contamination is pharmaceutical wastewater entering environment. Contamination level of OFL, CIP, LEV, OTC and DOX were determined (found) in vegetables samples in areas surrounding pharmaceutical industry. HPLC with DAD detector, C-18 column and solid phase cartridges were used to extract and analyze antibiotic residues in carrot, wheat and spinach samples. In wheat samples LEV and in spinach and carrot samples OFL was detected as highest accumulated antibiotic among five antibiotics selected. In all types of vegetables samples the contamination of each antibiotic was highest in leaves and lowest in fruits. The order of accumulation was leaves > stem / shoot > root > fruit. The contamination level was higher in soil samples than vegetables samples. From soil antibiotics accumulate in plants and vegetables, and leach to groundwater. Plants and vegetables directly or indirectly are a part of human food. The most appropriate method to stop antibiotic pollution in environmental segments is to remove or eliminate these pollutants at source. For such treatment of wastewater containing antibiotics, six photocatalyst P-I, P-II, P-III, P-IV, P-V, P-VI obtained by doping of Cr, Co, and V, were used to degrade 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm sample solutions of CIP, LEV, OFL, DOX and OXT. After 30 min, 60 min, 90 min and 120 min time period of addition of photocatalysts these samples solution were analyzed for the degradation efficacy of photocatalyst. The degradation of these antibiotics was observed for variation in parameter like pH of the solution, time of exposure to sunlight, temperature of the solution and amount of the photocatalyst added in the solution.