مولوی احتشام علی ندوی
افسوس ہے کہ ۲۰؍ رمضان المبارک کو مولوی احتشام علی ندوی اچانک چل بسے، ان کی تعلیم دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء میں ہوئی، وہ مولانا عبدالسلام قدوائی ندوی مرحوم کے چہیتے شاگردوں میں تھے، انہی کے ایما سے جامعہ ملیہ میں داخلہ لیا، مولانا عبدالسلام صاحب نے لکھنؤ میں ادارۂ تعلیمات اسلام کی داغ بیل ڈالی تو اس کی تشکیل میں یہ بھی ان کے معاون رہے اور ان کی نگرانی میں صحابہ کرام کے حالات میں مختصر اور عام فہم بعض کتابچے لکھے۔
دارالمصنفین سے ان کا تعلق دو بار رہا، پہلی دفعہ وہ مولانا عبدالسلام قدوائی کے ساتھ آئے اور محاسب کی ذمہ داری سنبھالی، ان کے انتقال کے بعد انہوں نے بھی یہاں سے تعلق منقطع کرلیا، تاہم دارالمصنفین سے ان کے لگاؤ میں کمی نہیں آئی جناب سید صباح الدین صاحب مرحوم کے انتقال کے بعد پھر وہ دارالمصنفین تشریف لائے اور پریس کی نگرانی اور دوسرے انتظامی امور ان کو سپرد کئے گئے لیکن اس دفعہ ان کی صحت خراب رہنے لگی۔ دو تین برس سے کمزوری بہت بڑھ گئی تھی اور ضعف بصر کی شکایت بھی ہوگئی تھی۔ ان کا انتقال دارالمصنفین ہی میں ہوا، مگر تدفین ان کے وطن رحیم آباد میں ہوئی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ درجات بلند کرے اور اہلیہ و اعزہ کو صبرِ جمیل عطا کرے آمین!
(ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جنوری ۲۰۰۰ء)
In order to get a vivid picture of Pakistan-Iran relations, the paper delves into the past with Iranian history and Iranian sphere of influence in South Asia. Both South Asia and Iran have ancient historical, cultural and religious ties since the times of the Cyrus the Great to the present. The Persian language and literature particularly the Persian classical poetry have left a great impression on sub-continent’s cultural and educational canvass. Pakistan-Iran border which was drawn by the British in the 1880s, remains still intact. Though the border is a wasteland with little agriculture but on the sea-front both the countries have access to the Strait of Hormuz which is of great strategic importance. Moreover, ethnic Baloch live on both sides of the border and crossborder and trade and livestock is the mainstay of cross-border economy. During the Cold War period, both Pakistan and Iran were subservient to the US policies against the Soviet Union; consequently, both received massive arms and equipment. This paper also indicates that during Mohammed Reza Shah’s time, the relations between Pakistan and Iran were quite friendly but they underwent a change after the Iranian revolution and during General Zia’s time. The main issues have been spelled out up-till 1979 and the minor frictions between the two countries could be managed through diplomacy. External pressures are also influencing the contemporary relations between the two countries and have put Pakistan in a dilemma. Historical and secondary sources have been used for the conduct of the study. Historical research has an important role to play in the Social Sciences. It helps us to understand the present by highlighting the past events.
Sentiment analysis and opinion mining (OM) is a developed part of the research which evaluates people‟s views, ideas or sentiments. Sentiment analysis plays a key role in a classification task because a bulk of contents is generated and issued on the Internet per day. Sentiment lexicons have been used effectively to categorize the sentiment of user review corpuses. According to research perspective, sentiment analysis floats in three different directions i.e. document level, sentence level and aspect level. Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) deals with the exploration of feelings, opinions, facts and emotions in the phrases which are expressed by the humans in a particular review. It allows user to identify the feelings and attitudes of a particular person or people by analyzing comments, Tweets, blogs and reviews about all the aspects. In most research techniques, the ABSA process involves classification of user reviews into three classes i.e. positive, negative or neutral from textual dataset of reviews. Such classification of the sentiment is called sentiment polarity. In today''s research sentiment polarity can be consider as one of the major task in Opinion Mining. Most common techniques in practice for polarity estimation attempt to identify the main i.e. the most commonly and frequently deliberated features of the entity e.g., „screen‟, „memory‟, ''battery'' of a particular mobile brand and to compute the mean polarity of the review per feature like how much positive, negative or may be neutral the ideas are on average for each feature. Most of such techniques are lexicon or corpus based which is domain specific. The machine learning technique is remarkable, but it divides the sentiment polarity into three categories i.e. positive, negative, or neutral based on some training data. Moreover, such techniques usually Asif Nawaz, Reg. No. 109-FBAS/PHDCS /F14vii fail to concern with the fuzziness of sentiment polarity and polarity intensity of the sentiment words. This research proposes a new technique for polarity estimation and aggregation, the whole method consists of three main subtasks, the first task is the aspect extraction which extracts the core features of the entity being deliberated based on the similarity measure like NGD and ConceptNet. Polarity estimation task will calculate the polarity with respect to each aspect using max entropy model which further leads to some rela time applications for event identification. Finally polarity aggregation will aggregate the overall polarity to identify that how much an individual review is close to a particular class. Furthermore, the proposed conceptual framework is applied on various domains which are in research trend like Medical and Software Specific Word Repositories. From the evaluation of experimental results, it is concluded that performance of the proposed conceptual framework is explicitly up to the mark. Keywords: ABSA, Aspect Identification, Polarity Estimation, Event Identification, FCA, NGD.