یہ بھی وقت تھا
یہ بھی ایک وقت تھا ہماری مائیں ہماری بہنیں عید سے پہلے ہماری رہائی کے لیے مظاہر ے کیا کرتی تھیں ہماری مائیں بھی کسی میکسم گورکی کی ماں سے کم نہیں تھیں ۔
آج حالات اس سے بدتر ہیں اب تو سیاسی قیدیوں کو غائب ہی کر دیا جا تا ہے مصطفی کانجو کو غائب کیے ہوئے پانچ مہینے ہو گئے ابھی تک کچھ پتہ نہیں کہ زندہ بھی ہے کہ نہیں۔ تصویر میں میری ماں شیخ عبدالقیوم کی بھتیجیاں اور دبنگ جیالی خالی سکینہ بادشاہ مرحومہ نمایاں ہیں جن کی بیٹی کی وڈیونیب ہیڈکواٹر کے باہر پولیس سے دست بدست لڑتے ہوئے وائرل ہوئی تھی ۔1986ء کمیٹی چوک راولپنڈی
In Islamic perspective leadership is a great feature and most important quality for achievement of national goals. Therefore, all kinds of national and organizational success are based up on quality of good leadership. Every group, society, organization, state and even the world at large need good leadership who can lead their supporters and followers and organizations towards successful physical and spiritual growth and development . It is also a fact that leadership is God gifted thing but we can enhance ability for eldership. Leadership should not be confused with the role of only those who make headlines but in essence almost everyone have sometimes somewhere, somehow played a leading role. It is also a historical fact that the Holy Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was granted all kind of leadership and He established some important principles of Islamic leadership which are necessary to follow them for successful leadership. These principles are foundation of great achievements which are led by the Holy Prophet ﷺ. It is also observed that the Islamic Leadership principles practiced by the Holy Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and subsequently by his Caliphs and pious followers which if practiced will provide success principles equally useful both for Muslims and for non-Muslims minorities both in an Islamic state and society. In this paper the efforts are made to elaborate the guiding principles of Islamic leadership in the light of the teachings of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
Chilling stress severely reduces the productivity of tomato as it is a cold sensitive plant. CBF3/DREB1A plays a key role in generating cold tolerance in tomato by regulating the response of multiple genes under chilling stress. In this study, cold tolerant gene (DREB1A) driven by Lip9 promoter, was transformed in three tomato genotypes (Rio Grande, Moneymaker and Roma) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens, employing tissue culture dependent and tissue culture independent transformation strategies. For tissue culture dependent transformation strategy, the effects of various PGRs (IAA, NAA, ZEA, Kin, BAP and GA3) and two ethylene inhibitors (AgNO3 and CoCl2) were investigated on callus induction and in vitro shoot regeneration. The maximum callus induction frequency (67.48%) was recorded on MS basal media enriched with 2.0 mg/l IAA, 2.5 mg/l BAP in cv. Rio Grande followed by Roma (62%) and Moneymaker (58.23%). Supplementation of AgNO3 (10-15 mg/l) in MS basal media along with PGRs (2.0 mg/l IAA, 2.5 mg/l BAP) significantly yielded the highest callus induction frequency (91.83%) in cv. Rio Grande, followed by Moneymaker (82.66%) and Roma (88.33%). Similarly, in vitro shoot regeneration frequency on MS media fortified with 0.1 mg/l IAA, 1.0 mg/l ZEA and 2.0 mg/l BAP significantly enhanced with the addition of 8-10 mg/l AgNO3 in all the cultivars i.e. in cv. Rio Grande (96.65%) followed by Roma (92.66%) and Moneymaker (90%). Likewise, the highest callogenesis (75.65%) was recorded in cv. Rio Grande on callus induction medium (CIM) supplemented with CoCl2 (5.5 mg/l), IAA (2.0 mg/l) and BAP (2.5 mg/l) followed by cv. Roma whose best callus induction (73.66%) was obtained on CIM supplemented with CoCl2 (4.5 mg/l), IAA (1.0 mg/l) and BAP (2.5 mg/l). In case of cv. Moneymaker the best callogenesis (68%) was secured on CIM having CoCl2 (3.5 mg/l), NAA (2.0 mg/l) and BAP (2.0 mg/l). The xiv highest in vitro shoot regeneration (85%, 81% and 78%) was recorded in Rio Grande, Moneymaker and Roma, respectively on shoot induction media supplemented with CoCl2 (4.25 – 5.0 mg/l). During this study, various concentrations of sucrose and sorbitol were scrutinized on in vitro shoot culture. The highest in vitro shoot regeneration frequency (100, 97.69 and 99%) was recorded in Rio Grande, Moneymaker and Roma with accumulative effect of sucrose and sorbitol (30: 30 g/l). Subsequently, transformation experiments were conducted by optimizing various factors both for tissue culture based and in planta techniques. For tissue culture based method of transformation; fifteen days old in vitro seedlings, forty-eight hours pre-culture period, bacterial density (OD600 nm = 0.2), three minutes infection period, 60 μM acetosyringone, forty-eight hours co-cultivation period, pH 5.6 of co-cultivation media, six days pre-selection duration, cefotaxime (500 mg/l) and hygromycin (35 mg/l) as lethal dose were found optimum. For in planta technique of transformation, various factors such as growing medium; soil: vermiculite (1: 1), optical density (OD600 nm = 1.0) and incubation period (20 min) were found optimum for efficient transformation efficiency. Polymerase chain reaction, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, Southern blotting and Reverse transcriptase PCR confirmed the presence, integration and expression of DREB1A in T0 - T2 transgenic lines. Physiological and biochemical analyses of T2 transgenic plants depicted that after various chilling stresses; stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, CO2 concentration rate, photosynthetic rate, relative water contents, proline contents, total soluble sugar contents, chlorophyll contents, carotenoid contents and ascorbic acid contents of transgenic lines were significantly higher than those of NT plants. These findings clearly indicate that transgenic tomato plants over-expressing Arabidopsis CBF3 gene enhanced protection and provided cold tolerance under controlled conditions in transgenic containment.