Blashphemy Law and its Interpretation a Pakistans Perspective

Blasphemy law is considered as very basic law in the Muslim societies. This study aims to examine the blasphemy law of Pakistan in historical perspective. Qualitative research designs and discourse analysis techniques have been used to analyse the existing data. In Indian Subcontinent, during the Muslim rules, blasphemy law was being followed and practiced in accordance with principles of Islam. During British regime, it has throughout been demand of the Muslim for legislation of Blasphemy Law. During this period, by acceding to Muslims’ demand, it was introduced but with lesser punishment, even lesser than those which was there in the law of England. In this article, history of the blasphemy law and its interpretation, including conformity with Islamic principles as judged by the Federal Shariat Court, has been documented. In the end, its present status, or restatement of this law, has be unearthed with some suggestions, which have though been alluded to in decisions of the courts, but have not been ever discussed.

Bioevaluation of Cabbage Based Designer Food to Modulate Oxidative Stress Markers

Nowadays, plants bioactive moieties are gaining attention amongst the masses to mitigate lifestyle related dysfunctions owing to their safe nature and functional properties. Considering phytochemistry and cost-effectiveness of cabbage, the current project was designed to probe the antioxidant capacity of locally grown green and red cabbage with special emphasis on modulation of oxidative stress biomarkers in response to hypercholesterolemic diet. Purposely, green and red cabbage samples were analyzed for compositional analyses that depicted high proportion of potassium and vitamin C in both samples. The red cabbage showed higher amount of total polyphenols & flavonoids (224.37±6.96 & 219.15±10.30 mg/100g F.W.) than green cabbage (58.41±3.01 & 34.04±1.06 mg/100g F.W.) along with the existence of anthocyanins (69.86±4.12 mg/100g F.W.) in red cabbage only. Comparative HPLC analysis regarding antioxidant moieties showed significant proportion of kempferol (171.10±5.99 mg/100g F.W.) and vitamin C (139.07±2.23 mg/100g F.W.) in red cabbage however, vitamin C (121.46±3.28 mg/100g F.W.) was found as the major antioxidant in green cabbage. The red cabbage depicted higher free radical quenching and reducing ability in contrast to green cabbage using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl), ABTS [2, 2''-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)], FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and PFRAP (potassium ferricyanide reducing antioxidant power) reagents. The corresponding assays were ranged from 31.22±1.65 to 87.79±3.69%, 1.51±0.07 to 6.04±0.21 μM Trolox/g F.W., 0.95±0.04 to 1.16±0.04 μM Fe2+/g F.W., 41.16±2.10 to 59.32±2.14% and 48.03±1.68 to 63.45±3.05%. In the product development phase, four types of croquettes based on green and red cabbage leaves & their respective aqueous extracts along with control were stored under frozen conditions and analyzed at three different intervals; 0, 15 & 30 days, employing two types of cooking procedures; baking and frying. The resultant prototypes were assessed for physicochemical analyses (caloric count, color, texture, water activity & antioxidant assays) as well as sensory response. The current study portrayed that designer croquettes remained freezer friendly for one month without employing any preservative. Comparative assessment of cooking methods inferred higher antioxidant potential and taste scores for fried prototypes. Based on antioxidant assays and overall acceptability, red cabbage and its respective aqueous extract were screened for biological evaluation. In animal study (12 weeks), male white New Zealand rabbits were divided into six groups; three groups under normal dietary pattern; normal diet, normal diet+cabbage leaves & normal diet+cabbage extract and next three under hypercholesterolemic dietary regimen; hypercholesterolemic diet, hypercholesterolemic diet+cabbage leaves & high calorie+aqueous cabbage extract. At termination, overnight fasted rabbits were sacrificed to assess serum lipid profile. The percent reduction in serum cholesterol and LDL by red cabbage & its extract was reported up to 10.79 & 15.19 and 12.24 & 18.09 in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, respectively. Furthermore, serum specific and tissues (liver, heart & kidney) oxidative stress biomarkers alongside, their somatic index and histopathology were studied. The red cabbage supplementation suppressed the leakage of liver functioning enzymes in sera up to 15.63% (ALT), 13.88% (ALP), 12.96% (ɤ-GT) and 10.77% (total bilirubin) besides reduction in hepatic lipid peroxidation up to 29.60% thus improved endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Likewise, red cabbage showed protection against cardiac oxidative stress. Additionally, the red cabbage extract lowered renal MDA (lipid peroxidation) up to 24.07% in oxidative stressed rabbits that ultimately restored renal SOD (11.38%) and CAT (16.72%), accordingly. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) and nephrosomatic index (NSI) expounded significant impact of treatments on hypercholesterolemic diet fed rabbits except cardiosomatic index (CSI). In hypercholesterolemic rabbits, mild degree of fibrotic and necrotic changes in hepatic parenchyma were rectified by red cabbage supplementation, whereas red cabbage extract based diet showed slower rate of amelioration. Likewise, mild degree of necrotic changes and congestion in cardiac fenestrations were modulated by red cabbage feeding. Moreover, severe necrotic & pyknotic alterations in renal parenchyma along with mild to moderate degree of congestion in hypercholesterolemic rabbits were effectively reversed via extract supplemented group in contrast to cabbage fed group. In the nutshell, dietary inclusions based on red cabbage has proven restorative against hepatic and cardiac compromised conditions, whereas altered renal fenestrations were also effectively restored by red cabbage extract enriched diet.