The Role of Values in Social Change: An Analysis from The Qur’ānic Perspective

In the post-industrial revolution world, social change is often studied and understood in the context of change in means of production, mobility, urbanization and change in the constitution of workforce. Role of ethical values is generally confined to personal conduct and manners. Industrial society is supposed to have its own work ethics which may or may not agree with personal ethics and morality. Ethics and morality are generally considered, in the Western thought, as a social construct. Therefore, with the change in means of production or political system, values and morality are also expected to be re-adjusted in order to cope with the changed environment. Sometimes a totally new set of values emerges as a consequence of the change in economic, political, or legal set up. The present research tries to understand the meaning and place of these values in a global socio-cultural framework. Relying essentially on the divine principles of the Qur'ān it makes an effort to understand relevance of these universal and ultimate principles with human conduct and behavior in society.  It indicates that essentially it is the core values, principles, or norms which guide human beings in their interpersonal, social, economic and political matters. Islam being a major civilizing force, culture, and the way of life, provides values which guide both in individual and social matters. The values given by the Qur’ān and the Sunnah are not monopoly of the Muslim. These values are universal and are relevant in a technological society.

Synthesis of Carbamate Related Compound and Analytical Quantification of Different Pharmaceuticals

Medicines and pharmaceuticals are the hallmark of modern society. The research in this ambit is presented below. 1. Urea derivatives 237-246, 248-251 & 253-256 were synthesized by reacting isocyanates or carbamoyl chloride with various amines and their structures were identified by NMR and mass spectroscopy as well as by elemental analysis. All prepared ureas were tested for invitro antimicrobial activities. Compounds 237 & 256 exhibited promising antibacterial and antifungal activities. Besides, compounds 239, 243, 244, 253 & 254 also showed some activity.2. Anthelmintic agents such as albendazole and mebendazole are accompanied by preservatives in pharmaceuticals and prednisolone in therapy. A simple method for their simultaneous quantification is described involving the C18 column and methanol-phosphate buffer (30:70, v/v) with 235 nm as detecting wavelength. The proposed method have been validated and proved to be useful in pharmaceutical and serum analysis. 3. Dexamethasone is typically combined with antibiotics to treat various infections. An efficient HPLC method for the quantification of the quinolone-based antibiotics in the presence of dexamethasone is described, suitable for analyzing pharmaceutical and serum samples. The method utilized acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (35:65 v/v) as mobile phase, C18 analytical column as stationary phase, 1.0 mL/min flow rate and 254 nm as monitoring wavelength. The method has been validated according to the ICH guidelines. 4. Diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disorder which is best treated through combined therapy. An HPLC method is described permitting the analysis of five antidiabetic drugs at detecting wavelength of 240 nm. C18 HPLC column and acetonitrilephosphate buffer-MeOH (40:40:20 v/v) as mobile produced quality separation of metformin, glimepiride, PPARs and sitagliptin that could be well applied to pharmaceuticals and plasma samples as well as in pharmacokinetic studies. 5. A validated (as per ICH), stability indicating HPLC method is presented for analysis of hydroxyzine, in the presence of metabolites and preservatives. Mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-methanol-buffer (50:20:30 v/v), with C18 column and 235 nm as detecting wavelength allowed a high quality separation, well applied in pharmaceutical and serum analysis as well as in stability studies. 6. Tranexamic acid and pregabalin were determined in pharmaceutical samples by reacting with either dinitrophenol or trinitrophenol, producing yellow coloured complexes with ʎmax at 418 nm and 425 nm, respectively. The efficiency of this protocol was found to be comparable with the referenced method.