Historical, Cultural and Geographical Ties Between Pakistan and Iran

In order to get a vivid picture of Pakistan-Iran relations, the paper delves into the past with Iranian history and Iranian sphere of influence in South Asia. Both South Asia and Iran have ancient historical, cultural and religious ties since the times of the Cyrus the Great to the present. The Persian language and literature particularly the Persian classical poetry have left a great impression on sub-continent’s cultural and educational canvass. Pakistan-Iran border which was drawn by the British in the 1880s, remains still intact. Though the border is a wasteland with little agriculture but on the sea-front both the countries have access to the Strait of Hormuz which is of great strategic importance. Moreover, ethnic Baloch live on both sides of the border and crossborder and trade and livestock is the mainstay of cross-border economy. During the Cold War period, both Pakistan and Iran were subservient to the US policies against the Soviet Union; consequently, both received massive arms and equipment. This paper also indicates that during Mohammed Reza Shah’s time, the relations between Pakistan and Iran were quite friendly but they underwent a change after the Iranian revolution and during General Zia’s time. The main issues have been spelled out up-till 1979 and the minor frictions between the two countries could be managed through diplomacy. External pressures are also influencing the contemporary relations between the two countries and have put Pakistan in a dilemma. Historical and secondary sources have been used for the conduct of the study. Historical research has an important role to play in the Social Sciences. It helps us to understand the present by highlighting the past events.

Evaluating the Potential of Plant Water Extracts for Growth Improvement in Maize

Allelochemicals may have concentration dependent influence on plant growth. At low concentration these chemicals promote the plant growth and may suppress the same when applied at higher concentration. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth promotery potential of sorghum, rice, maize and moringa water extracts. In the laboratory trials, application rate and frequency of sorghum, rice and maize water extracts (fresh and boiled) at different concentrations (100, 50, 25, 10, 5, and 3%) were evaluated and optimized for growth promotion of maize. Fresh and boiled extracts of sorghum, maize and rice were foliar applied alone and in combination with each other and along with moringa leaf extract (3%) at 30 and 50 days after sowing (DAS). Lower concentrations (3%) of sorghum, rice and maize plant water extracts promoted the seedling growth and seedling dry weights as compared to higher concentrations (25, 50 and 100%). In field experiments, combined application of fresh sorghum and moringa water extract (3%) increased the grain yield by 34-35% over control; whereas application of boiled plant extracts provided 35-38% improvement in grain yield over control from the combined application of boiled sorghum and maize water extracts at 3%. Moreover, marginal analysis of field experiments indicated that application of sorghum water extract (SWE) alone and combined application of rice and sorghum plant extracts had more marginal rate of return; nonetheless, application of fresh extracts had more marginal rate of return in this regard. In conclusion, application of allelopathic plant water extracts at lower concentrations (3%) alone and in combination improved the growth and productivity of maize. However, fresh water extracts alone or in combination may be preferred.