علمائے کرام، قائد اعظم اور نظریہ پاکستان

In this article the role played by the Muslim religious scholars in the Pakistan Movement has also been discussed. The most prominent among such scholars were Molana Mazharuddin Malik, Molana Shabeer Ahmad Usmani, Molana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Molana Zafar Ahmad Ansari, Mufti Muhammad Shafee, Molana Ikram Khan Bengali, Molana Ahmad Raza Khan Brailvi, Molana Naeem Uddin Muradabadi, Molana Azad Subhani, Molana Abdul Hamid Badauni, and MolanaAbul Ala Maududi. At the end, an analysis of the ideology of Pakistan has been presented in the light of the excerpts taken from various speeches and statements made by the Quaid during 1938 and 1948. It shows that the Quaid wanted to make Pakistan an Islamic state governed by the teachings of Allah Taala. He wanted to make it a model Islamic state to convince others to realize that the commandments of Allah are practicable and are a means of salvation from hurdles and hardships.

Postharvest Studies on Gladiolus Grandiflorus L.

Gladiolus is second most produced cut flower in Pakistan. Its postharvest losses occasionally reach up to 10-30% in Pakistan. Losses are mainly due to lack of use of postharvest treatments, harvesting at improper time and stage, improper cold storage, and poor water quality. Markets surveys revealed that growers and retailers do not follow have standard protocols for postharvest handling of gladiolus to reduce these losses. A project, involving a series of postharvest experiments on ‘White Prosperity’ gladiolus, was executed to develop protocols for postharvest handling of gladiolus, with special context to prevailing problems faced by growers and retailers in Pakistan. The results revealed that pulsing with 10% sucrose for 24 h increased the vase life of gladiolus up to ~3 days relative to control (tap water). Harvesting the stems in the morning or evening was better than noon harvest, while the less the number of florets opened at harvest, the better was the postharvest performance of gladiolus. Wet type of storage was better for shorter durations of storage than dry storage. Pulsing with low concentration of nano- silver (NS) for short duration (50 mg L -1 for one hour) significantly improved the postharvest characteristics of gladiolus, while among silver sources AgNO 3 (20 mg L -1 ) performed better than Silver thiosulfate (STS) or NS. Similarly for vase solution low concentration (0.01 mg L -1 ) of NS improved the longevity of gladiolus. Carbonated water performed better over other sources/types of water. Among Pseudomonas fluorescens strains PF-279 performed better than PF-417 to prolong the longevity of gladiolus. The study concluded that use of sucrose pulsing; managing the time and stage of harvest; and use of wet storage, different germicides, carbonated water, and biocontrol bacteria can remarkably enhance vase life of gladiolus and can help in reducing the postharvest losses while maximizing net return to the growers and retailers.