سرکاری عہدید اران کی تقررری، نگرانی اور محاسبہ عہد خلفائے راشدین کے تناظر میں

The period of the rightly guided caliphate is the best role model after the time of the Prophet of Islām, Muḥammad (S. A. W). The rightly guided caliphs crafted the best honest governing mechanism. They understood their commitment with their Lord, Allāh, and the people. They took up the responsibility for providing for the basic needs of their people, like food, shelter, education, peace, stipends of children, married and unmarried persons, social security and justice, etc. The caliphs would appoint the tax collectors, governors and other government officials on the basis of merit: their honesty, qualifications, experience, physical fitness, etc. Further, they, at the time of their appointment, would advise their officials in an open gathering to better use their abilities, resources and powers for the welfare of the masses. Moreover, the government prepared a list of the assets and the properties of their government officials at the time of their appointments. It they found, later, significant increase in the assets, it was investigated and asked for an explanation. If the officials failed to justify the means of the increase in their assets, the additional assets and properties were confiscated by government. In this research study, the author highlights the measures adopted by the rightly guided Caliphs to ensure honest conduct of affairs by the appointed officials of the government.

Effect of Supervisory Practices on Attitude, Academic Satisfaction and Research Skills of the Students

The study planned to investigate the effect of supervisory practices of supervisors on attitude, academic satisfaction and research skills of students. The population comprised of all research scholars at doctorate level with their respective research supervisors enrolled in public sector universities of the provinces of KPK and Punjab. Seven hundred doctorate level scholars returned the questionnaires with 80% of response rate. A selfdeveloped research instrument named, Supervisory practices, academic satisfaction and research skills survey [SPASRSS]. The statistical tests, mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson r, and regression were applied.The results revealed as perceived by doctoral scholars that their supervisors were always available for their research help, encouraged and supported them in publishing their research work, considered their expectations regarding supervision, familiar about the evaluation process of thesis, and clear cut schedule to enhance the progress of their research work. On the other hand, most scholars told they often experienced lack of feedback from their supervisors to make progress in their research work. About one third scholars agreed that their research skills went in vain in the hands of unskillful supervisors and claimed that research supervisor was the sole responsible for their poor research skills in doctoral degree. Female doctoral scholars rated their supervisors as more competent and have positive research attitude than that of male scholars. On the opposite side, male research scholars were more satisfied with the academic satisfaction and were more competent in research skills.The social science scholars were more satisfied with the supervisory practices and research attitude than their basic science fellows. As concerned with the basic science scholars, they were more satisfied with the indicator of personal satisfaction than that of social science scholars. The fresh research scholars were more satisfied academically and had positive research skills than in-service research scholars with better competence. A significant correlation was found in supervisors’ supervisory practices, scholars’ academic satisfaction and research skills in different departments and non- significant with research skills of doctoral scholars. About 43% research attitude of scholars was influenced by the research supervisors’ research expertise and supervisory practices.