پیش لفظ
کہتے ہیں جب سقراط کو زہر کا پیالہ دیا گیا اور اس نے مسکراتے ہوئے اسے اپنے ہو نٹوں سے لگاناچاہا تو اس کے ایک شاگرد نے زار قطار روتے ہوئے کہا ’’استاد مجھے افسوس ہے کہ آپ بے گناہ مارے جائیں گے‘‘سقراط نے زہر کے پیالے کو ذرا اور مضبوطی سے پکڑتے ہوئے کہا میں بے گناہ ضرور مارا جائوں گا لیکن میری یہ بے گناہی مجھے تاریخ میں ہمیشہ زندہ رکھے گی ۔تم اپنا مشن جا ری رکھنا ‘‘حقیقت بھی یہی ہے کہ ابدی زندگی انہی کو نصیب ہو تی ہے جو بے گناہ مارے گئے یا جو کسی عظیم مقصد کی خاطر اپنے نظریے کی صداقت کا پرچم بلند رکھتے ہوئے اپنے خالقِ حقیقی سے جا ملے ،
یہ تاریخ کا فیصلہ ہے کہ آزاد منش لوگوں نے اپنی آزادی کے لیے ہمیشہ رسم دار کو زندہ رکھا ۔ہر زمانے میں کوئی نہ کوئی منصور ضرور پیدا ہو اجس نے اپنے عہدِ وفا کو نبھانے کے لیے اس رسم کو زندہ رکھنے کے لیے یہ علان کیا کہ :
ہم ہیں منصور اس زمانے کے
ہم سے ہی رسمِ دار زندہ ہے
انسانی تاریخ کا جائزہ لیا جائے تو یہ بات واضح ہو جاتی ہے کہ ہنسی خوشی زندگی قربان کرنے کا جذبہ اور سر فروشی کی رسم کے پس منظر میں دو محرکات بہت نمایاں رہے ایک تو مذہب اور دوسرا سیاسی فلسفہ ۔ انسانی وقار اور تقدیس کو زندہ رکھنے والی سوچ اور فکر کی آزادی ضمیر کی آواز کی سر بلندی کے لیے جن لو گوں نے کسی سیاسی پلیٹ فارم پر جد وجہد کی انسانی قدرو ں کی پاسداری اور حقیقی جمہوری معاشرے کے لیے جدو جہد کی بلا شبہ تاریخ انسانی میں ان کا نام ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گا ۔
سر فروشی کے اس قبیلے...
Modern day man has excelled in science to such an extent that revolutionary changes have been made in every walk of life. Those things which were impossible yesterday, are a reality today. One cannot deny the modern research and discoveries. Organ transplantation now a days is an important matter. The importance of this treatment is increase day by day, because this matter is related to the protection of ethical values on one hand. It seems that the use of Human organs and components is against the ethical value. On the other hand of some patients, organ translation is the only method of treatment and Shariah has allowed to fulfill human needs. In order to solve this problem two different view point will be sought to determine that whether this treatment is against the Quran and Sunnah or not.
Echis carinatus a saw-scale viper (locally called Lundi) regarded as one of the most venomous snakes of Pakistan and worldwide and is responsible to cause more snakebite deaths than any other snake. In this study, purification, characterization and pharmacological studies of Ec venom from Pakistan have been performed. The results revealed that Ec venom is mainly composed of metalloprotease, serine protease, L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase A2 (acidic, basic and neutral), disintegrin, C-type Lectins and CRISP as established by combination of various modern techniques including RP-HPLC, 1D/2D PAGE, shotgun LC-MS-MS and other proteomics tools. Rabbit intestinal nerve muscle preparation was used for physio-pharmacological studies. Results demonstrated that Ec venom had an irreversible inhibition effect on the contractile force of smooth muscle. Venom also caused inhibition in contractures induced by ACh and KCl in relation to time and in dose dependent manner. This inhibition appeared to be due to myotoxic components responsible for the blockade of L-type calcium channels. However, the inhibitory response of venom was abolished when venom was heated at 100°C suggesting its proteinaceous nature. Moreover, it was also observed that when gut bath temperature was lowered (37°C to 26°C) or Ca+2 concentration was increased (from 2.5 to 5 mM), it did not abolish the inhibitory effect of venom on the intestine. The neutralization of Ec venom induced toxicity by the available antivenoms was also targeted. It is worth mentioning here that in absence of locally produced antivenoms, Pakistan is solely reliant on antivenoms produced in other neighboring countries such as India and Saudi Arabia. Considering well established fact that inter- and intra- species variations in venom composition is a key determining factor in the neutralization efficacy of antivenoms, also provides good rational for thorough screening. Thus, two different commercially available polyvalent antivenoms and a genus specific monovalent sera (as control) were subjected regarding their efficacy against Ec venom neutralization and it was observed that prior administration (10 min) of polyvalent antivenom BPAV from India partially neutralized and prevented the complete inhibition in smooth muscle contractile force. However, it failed to neutralize venom effect when added at t50. While another polyvalent i.e. PSA from Saudi Arabia showed immediate decline in active tension even before the administration of venom and this effect persisted even after the administration of venom. This indicated antivenom total ineffectiveness and the presence of some impurities, probably some muscle relaxants that immediately reduced the muscle contractile force. In contrast, monovalent Echis specific antivenom (MSAV) showed the most effective neutralization than the other two polyvalent antivenoms. These pharmacological findings were further complemented by using other modern techniques such as SEC FPLC and DLS, while the quality of antivenoms was tested by 1D PAGE, SEC FPLC and CD spectroscopy. In conclusion, our findings strongly suggest the need for local production of genus specific antivenoms for the treatment of this clinically important snake bite in Pakistan.