برصغیر میں اصول تفسیر کے مناہج و دبستان اور نمائندہ شخصیات کی علمی تراث کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

The Quranic sciences of interpretations and principles of interpretations were originated in the epoch of holy prophet (saw) but compilation of both were started later. This is called principles of interpretations, which is the basic and important part of Islamic studies. Islamic scholars, commentators and explicators explained the holy Quran in the light of principles of interpretations. These are such basic principles those are guide lines for them so they will not deviate or drop the right way while interpreting and explaining the holy verses. These principles are laid down and followed by them so that they may find the will of Allah and actual meaning of holy Quran. A little difference in principles causes a huge difference in interpretation. Different methodology in principles resulted in many schools of thought. This article focusses on examining these schools of thought found in sub-continent and introduce their main books. This article deals with chronological evolution of said knowledge i.e. Principles of interpretations, and Quranic sciences specially originated by the famous principalities and interpreters of sub-continent.

Intelligent Clustering in Vehicular and Ad Hoc Networks

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a wirelessly connected network of vehicular nodes. VANETs have specific characteristics that impose new challenges to the network development and operation when compared with traditional mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Unlike traditional networks, where nodes are either static or move independently with low speeds, nodes in VANETs move with very high speeds, causing network fragmentations and rapid changes in the network topology. Additionally, the movement of vehicular nodes is dependent on driver behaviors and the interaction with neighboring vehicles. A number of techniques, such as message ferrying, data aggregation, and vehicular node clustering aim to improve communication efficiency in VANETs. Node clustering is a network management strategy in which nearby nodes are grouped into a set called cluster. Cluster heads (CHs), selected in the process of clustering, manage inter-cluster and intra-cluster communication. The CH may elect some of its CNs as gateway nodes that facilitate the inter-cluster communications among neighboring clusters. The lifetime of clusters and number of CHs determines the efficiency of network. In this thesis a clustering algorithm based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) for VANETs (CACONET) is proposed. CACONET forms optimized clusters for robust communication. CACONET is compared empirically with state-of-the-art baseline techniques like multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimization (CLPSO). Moreover, some limitations in recent works have been identified due to which ACO based CACONET appears to be a better method. PSO based solution works fine for continuous values parameters. ACO based solutions works fine for combinatorial optimization problem. Clustering is basically combinatorial optimization problem and thus CACONET is more suitable for clustering as compared to PSO (as was used by competitors MOPSO and CLPSO). The comparative effectiveness of these algorithms is evaluated by varying the grid size of the network, the transmission range of nodes, and number of nodes in the network. For optimized clustering, the parameters considered are the transmission range, direction and speed of the nodes. The results indicate that CACONET significantly outperforms MOPSO and CLPSO.