پروفیسر ضیاء احمد بدایونی
افسوس ہے گزشتہ مہینہ ہماری پرانی بزم علم وادب کی ایک اورشمع بجھ گئی۔ پروفیسر ضیاء احمد صاحب بدایونی، بدایوں کے ایک نامور خانوادۂ شعروادب کے فرزند ارجمند تھے۔قدیم دستور کے مطابق عربی فارسی کی تعلیم ایک مدرسہ میں پائی پھرانگریزی تعلیم کی طرف متوجہ ہوئے توایم۔اے تک پہنچے، فارسی میں جس کا امتحان الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی سے فرسٹ ڈویژن میں پاس کیا۔۱۹۲۶ء میں بسلسلۂ ملازمت علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی سے وابستہ ہوئے اورشعبۂ فارسی کے صدر اورپروفیسر کی حیثیت سے۱۹۵۹ء میں ریٹائرڈ ہوئے۔
موصوف کی استعداد بڑی پختہ اورنظر بہت وسیع تھی۔عربی،فارسی اوراردو شعروادب پر تحقیقی اور مبصرانہ نگاہ رکھتے تھے۔ لغت ان کا خاص فن تھا چنانچہ ریٹائرمنٹ کے بعد چند برس علی گڑھ میں اورچند برس دہلی میں لغت پرجوکام اردو شعبوں کے ماتحت ہورہاہے اس سے وابستہ رہے۔ تصنیف وتالیف کاذوق فطری تھا چنانچہ تاریخ و ادب پرمتعدد تصنیفات یادگار چھوڑی ہیں جن میں دیوان مومن مع ایک طویل مقدمہ کے اورشرح قصائد مومن خاصہ کی چیزیں ہیں۔ مذہبیات سے بڑی دلچسپی تھی، اس سلسلہ میں بھی ان کی دوتین کتابیں ہیں۔ اخلاق و عادات کے لحاظ سے بھی بڑی خوبیوں کے بزرگ تھے، نہایت خوددار، ملنسار اورمتواضع تھے۔ طلباء پربے حد شفقت کرتے اور ان کی خدمت کے لیے ہروقت مستعد رہتے تھے۔ کم سخن تھے مگرجب بولتے تھے توتقریر مربوط اور پُرمغز کرتے تھے۔ عمر۷۷برس کے لگ بھگ تھی۔ ادھر کچھ عرصہ سے علی گڑھ میں جس کو انھوں نے اپنا وطن بنالیا تھا مقیم تھے۔وہیں۸/جولائی کوشب میں انتقال ہوا۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ غریق رحمت کرے، اب اس وضع کے لوگ کہاں ملیں گے۔
[اگست۱۹۷۳ء]
Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia. The number of malaria cases according to the 2018 RISKESDAS reached 8076 cases, and the highest number was obtained from Papua province with 3,334 cases. Multiple infection malaria in Indonesia according to RISKESDAS 2018, has a rate of 0.01% of the total cases, namely Plasmodium Falciparum malaria and Plasmodium non Falciparum malaria. A 47 year old man was referred from the clinic with complaints of high fever preceded by chills 10 days before being admitted to the hospital. Accompanied by shortness of breath, unable to get off the treatment bed due to feeling very weak, nauseous, sick and having a bulging stomach. Physical examination revealed a pale conjunctiva, ronkhi in the lower field of the right lung, dim percussion in the basal of the left lung, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, shifting dullness. Ring form vivax, on chest X-ray found a left pleural effusion. It is known that the patient previously lived in Papua from September 2018 to May 2019. During treatment, the patient was given artesunate injection therapy, dihydroartemisin + piperaquine and primaquin for seven days of treatment. At the end of the treatment, another chest X-ray was performed and re-examination of the peripheral blood smear, no more pleural effusions were found and no parasites were found on re-examination of the peripheral blood smear. Mixed infection of vivax and falciparum malaria, is a rare case that may occur in endemic areas where both plasmodium can be found. The prevalence in Indonesia according to RISKESDAS is only about 0.01% of all malaria cases in Indonesia.
Cognitive Problems of Urdu-Medium College Students in Learning English Syntax The present study describes the learners' confusions caused by Grammar Translation Method. The researcher has tried to explain the reasons for the grammatical errors which the learners commit. Though the list of reasons is not intended to be exhaustive, yet its contents can be used inductively to understand learner's confusion. The study was conducted in two steps: First, the Pilot Study was conducted on 5 male undergraduates. A test was designed which consisted of 6 questions: Translation questions in both directions, fill in the blank questions to test the learner's competence of Auxiliaries and Main Verb forms. They were motivated to tell the reasons for their answers. In the light of contrastive analysis, and learners' answers, the reasons for the Errors were collected and organized into 10 main groups, and around 50 sub-groups. This classification of Errors provided us with the basic understanding of the reasons behind them. In the light of the results of the Pilot study, the Test was modified and reduced to one Main and one supporting part, questions 7 and 8. The main part consisted of 48 sentences, 4 for every tense: 1 Affirmative, 1 Negative, 1 Polarity question, 1 Wh question. 25 male students of BA class were selected for the test and interview. Of 728 Errors 342 were Tense-related. 131 Errors could not be classified because of lack of evidence. 339 answers were correct, and 184 were not attempted. The main reasons discovered were faulty Inter-lingual Correlations, and faulty combinations (termed in this work as Mental Associations). The present study reviews the concept of Overgeneralization describes it. It explains the reasons for such frequent errors as *`did not going', *`are go' and so on. Sometimes, the combination 'did not' sticks too fast to the learner's mind, and he extends it to the negative sentences of every tense. So is the case with * 'are come'. Similar confusions arise in Polarity Interrogatives where learners associate the process of question making with a particular Auxiliary and extend it to all the tenses. In this way, various reasons of learners' confusion were collected and classified. The study also suggests remedies of the problems.