ابتكارات العلامة الزمخشري في علم البديع خلال أسلوب السؤال والجواب في تفسيره الكشاف

The Figures of Speech(ملع عيدبلا )is a Significant branch of Arabic Rhetoric. It has two kinds; Literal Aesthetic, تانسحملا ةيظفللا)) Semantic Aesthetic, (تانسحملا ةيظفللا). Both kinds are having a pivotal role in the miracle of Qurān. The Great Scholar of Rhetoric Al-Zamakhshari has mentioned many of its types to analyze the Qurānic Verses rhetorically in his exegesis Al-Kashāf. The Great Scholar Abd Al-Qāhir Al-Jurjāni did not approach the upper mentioned kinds, not for the reason of non-interference in The Qurānic miracles but he was always eager to derive new ideas in this particular field. As it is known that many former scholars have approached all kinds of the Figures of Speech in a wide range and Abd Al-Q┐hir Al-Jurjāni was dominated by his creative nature. In this article, it has been discussed widely the academic ambivalence surrounding Abd Al-Q┐hir Al-Jurjāni's lack of interest in the Figures of Speech among three modern scholars: Dr. Muhammad Ahmad Al-ķwfi, Dr. Muhammad Shwq┘ Zaif, Dr. Muhammad Ab┴ Mosā.

Phytochemical Studies on H. Eichwaldi and Related Species

This Ph.D thesis deals with the phytochemical studies on two species of the genus Heliotropium of Pakistani origin. The thesis is divided in to two parts: Section A deals with the phytochemical studies on Heliotropium eichwaldi that have led to the isolation of a novel compound Furo furan lactone [(4a,6b-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2a-isopropyl-2-methylhexahydro- 4H-1,3,6-trioxacyclopenta[cd]pentalen-4-one)] 1. The structure elucidation of compound 5 was done by spectroscopic means and confirmed by X-ray crystallographic technique [Firdous S. et al., 2012 a]. In addition to that three known compounds, Heliotrine 4, β-Sitosterol 3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside 5 and β-Sitosterol 6 have also been isolated and characterized from this species. Section B of the thesis describes work on a related species Heliotropium ophioglossum. The phytochemical investigation on this plant resulted in the isolation and characterization of two new compounds Ophiamide-A (2S,3S,4R,6E,2̍R)-2-[2''-hydroxypentacosanoylamino]-octadec-6-ene-1,3,4-triol 42 and Ophiamide-B 1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S,4R,6E,2̍R)-2-[(2''-hydroxypentacosanoylamino]-octadec-6-ene-1,3,4-triol 43. These two new compounds exhibited potent urease inhibitory activity [Firdous S. et al., 2012 b]. In addition to this eight known compounds have also been isolated and identified for the first time from this species. The known compounds isolated from H. ophioglossum are 2''(4''''-Hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl Lignocerate 44, Glycerol Monopalmitate 45, Methyl 2,4-Dihydroxy Cinnamate 46, 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid 47, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 48, 1-Octacosanol 49, β-Sitosterol 3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside 5 and β-Sitosterol 6. The structure elucidation of all compounds involved modern spectroscopic techniques such as MS, 1H and 13C-NMR, IR and UV.