ہجر نامہ
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
دھمی ککڑاں دتیاں بانگاں
ملاں اُٹھ مسیت نوں جاوے
اللہ دا سد پیا سناوے
نیکاں دے ایہہ من نوں بھاوے
بُریاں وجن پیّاں سانگاں
Some of the variant readings of the Holy Quran having a sound chain of narration are not included in the Uthmanic Maṣāḥif (Codices). Hence, following three probabilities can be deduced about these readings; First: Those were abrogated in ʿArḍah Akhīrah (the last revision). Second: Those might be among those explanatory notes of the Holy Text by Prophet Muhammad (SWA) that were erroneously written by a few companions within the actual text of Quran considering them a part of the Quran. Third: Those may belong to such Aḥruf (readings) that were authentically transmitted from the Messenger of Allah (SWA) but, they were not mentioned in the orthography of the Uthmanic Maṣāḥif by the compilers due to any possible reason. To us, if we come across any authentically narrated recitation of the senior Qurrāʾ companions that seems contrary to the orthography of the Uthmanic Maṣāḥif and there is no proof of their being from the second category, then, it is better to consider them from the third category instead of the first one.
The teaching of literature at Graduate level through the structuralist approach In the light of long years teaching in different institutions in Pakistan it has been felt that the prevalent method of teaching English Literature is not producing the desired level of competence among students. Hence something interesting and pedagogically sound need to be introduced on experimental level, which could make the teaching of literature more meaningful and interesting for the students, awaken their analytical abilities and at the same time develop their listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. For this purpose certain listening, speaking, reading and writing activities in the class based on the extracts from the literary texts have been introduced. Keeping in view the recommendations as well as the aims and objectives of the National Curriculum Revision Committee of Pakistan, an effort has been made to develop among the students at graduate level the habit of detailed reading of the literary texts, and interpreting them critically and analytically. I have used four novels of Ernest Hemingway and guided the students to analyze them through the Structuralis Approach with my chief focus on 'The Old Man and the Sea'. The reason for selecting Ernest Hemingway's novels is his objective style of writing precise sentences which is much appreciated by the readers of English literature. Moreover, 'The Old Man and the Sea' is a part of the syllabus of English (compulsory) at graduate level and one of the other three novels 'The Sun Also Rises"A Farewell to Arms', 'For Whom the Bell Tolls' always remains a part of the syllabus at Masters level in Pakistani universities. The methodology used for research is a combination of Descriptive Research and Quasi-Experimental. The findings support the argument that the problem and the need to address it really exists. The suggested methodology can help us in moving a step forward towards addressing it.