علامہ اقبال کی فارسی شاعری کا یہ تیسرا مجموعہ کلام ہے جو مئی 1923 ء میں شائع ہوا ۔ اس مجموعہ کلام کو بہت پسند کیا گیا۔ مارچ 1924ء میں دوسری بار شائع کرنا پڑا۔ 1929ء میں یہ تیسری بار شائع ہوا۔ اس میں رباعیات بھی ہیں۔ نظمیں بھی ہیں اور غزلیں بھی ہیں ۔ سرِ ورق سے عیاں ہے کہ یہ جرمن شاعر گوئٹے کے دیوان مغرب کے جواب میں لکھا گیا ہے۔ اس میں” لالہ طور " کے تحت رباعیاں ہیں۔ "افکار" میں نظمیں ہیں۔ " مے باقی " میں غزلیات ہیں۔ نقش فرنگ اور خردہ کو آخر میں شامل کیا گیا ہے۔ اس کے کئی ترجمے ہوئے۔مغرب اپنی کمزور اور سر دروحانیت سے بیزار ہو کر مشرق کے سینے سے حرارت کا متلاشی ہے۔ اس لیے اقبال نے اپنے اس مجموعہ کلام کو گوئٹے کے دیوان کا جواب قرار دیا ہے۔
Cardiac arrhythmias has been frequently reported after left ventricular assist devices implantation but currently literature shows no sufficient information on cardiac arrhythmias. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and other features of ventricular and supra ventricular ectopic beats ((SVEB), atrial fibrillation (AF)/flutter (AFL) post device implantation. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in Department of Cardiac-Surgery, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy from June 2014-September 2016. Rhythm monitoring and registration were collected from 16 patients (13 males; 45±13years) during the first five (05) days after implantation. To assess late post-operative rhythm, patient’s hospital electronic records were used as well asfunctional hemodynamic parameters including mean arterial pressure(MAP), right atrial pressure(RAP), heart rate(HR) and ST-deviation(d-ST). Results: Ventricular arrhythmia (n=9), atrial fibrillation (n=5) or atrial flutter (n=2) episodes were preoperatively present in 11 patients. Postoperatively, 5 patients developed either VT (n=2), AF (n=1) or both VT/AF (n=2) during a follow-up of 18±14 months. Prior to postoperative VT (POVT) episodes (n=123), MAP decreased, HR, d-ST increased and RAP remained unaltered. POVT were initiated either by single VEBS (28%), V-couplets (15%), V-run (46%) or occurred suddenly (11%). Conclusions: Ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias are common after device implantation. The frequency of sustained VTA was less at early phase as compared to late postoperative phase.
This thesis investigates the role of Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) in European financial markets. Traditional activities of CRAs include information supply, certification, and monitoring services for corporations and rating sovereign debt. Any change in the opinion of CRAs on the sovereign debt has strong implications on the financial markets and the real economy. This thesis contributes to literature by investigating: (i) the effect of sovereign rating and outlook changes on the shape of the sovereign yield curve; (ii) the impact of sovereign rating and outlook changes on stock markets at different levels of business cycle; (iii) the effect of financial liberalization on the growth in sovereign ratings; and (iv) the impact of sovereign rating and outlook instability on the access to credit by firms.In order to properly investigate these research questions, we employ a variety of pertinent statistical and econometric tools as required in every chapter. These techniques include but are not limited to state space modelling, vector autoregressions, maximum likelihood estimations, Kalman filter approach, generalized method of moments, and limited dependent variable methods. Findings of this thesis reveal, inter alia, that sovereign rating and outlook announcements play an important “confirmation role” in the financial markets; however, the extent of the effect depends on the announcement type, CRA specificity, kind of market and country characteristics. Specifically, the second chapter shows a significant effect of rating downgrades and an insignificant effect of rating upgrades on the sovereign yield curve; however, we observe mixed results for the effect of changes in outlook status of a sovereign country. The third chapter identifies that stock markets react more negatively to rating downgrades in recovery phases and more positively to rating upgrades in the contractionary period. However, we do not find any evidence of a pro-cyclical effect of sovereign rating and outlook change on stock returns. The fourth chapter indicates a positive impact of financial liberalization on sovereign ratings, and we show that we cannot reject the hypothesis that financial stability is iv independent of financial liberalization. Moreover, we show in this chapter that sovereign ratings tend to be stable and persistent, otherwise. The fifth chapter suggests a significant negative effect of sovereign rating and outlook instability on the access to credit by firms. The last chapter concludes the thesis with implications of these findings for understanding the role of rating agencies in financial markets, policymaking, designing regulations and for investors and firm owners, both in developing and developed economies