باب دوم: علمی خدمات
علمی منصوبے
پروفیسر عبد الحق کا کمال یہ ہے کہ وہ کبھی بھی علم و ادب کی بساط سے خالی نہیں رہے۔ جب 12 مارچ 2004ء کو شعبہ اردو دہلی یونیورسٹی کی ملازمت سے فارغ ہوئے تو ایک ہی ماہ کے اندر یعنی یکم اپریل 2004 ء سے اقبال انسٹی ٹیوٹ کشمیر میں مہمان پروفیسر (Visiting Professor) کے طور پر فائز ہوئے۔ وہاں پر وہ چند ماہ یعنی 31 دسمبر 2004 ء تک مقرر رہے۔ اسی دوران U.G.C نے انہیں ایک تحقیقی منصوبے پر کام کرنے کی اجازت دی۔ ان کے اس تحقیقی منصوبے کا موضوع تھا” بیسویں صدی کے اردو ادب میں تفکیری تصورات“ ۔ انہوں نے اس منصوبہ پر 3 جون 2005 ء تک کام کیا۔ جواہر لال نہرو یونیورسٹی نے انہیں مہمان پروفیسر ذمہ داری سونپی۔ اس دانش گاہ میں انہوں نے پورے تعلیمی سال یعنی 12 مئی 2007ء تک کام کیا۔ یکم جون 2007 ء سے کشمیر یونیورسٹی میں دوبارہ مہان پروفیسر کے طور پر بلا لیے گئے لیکن اس بار وہ کچھ ذاتی مجبوریوں اور مصروفیات کی بنا پر کشمیر نہ جاسکے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق کے تلامذہ اور ان کی نگرانی میں تقریباً تیس (30) طلبا و طالبات نےایم فل اور پی۔ ایچ۔ ڈی کے مقالے لکھے ہیں۔ ہندوستان میں پروفیسر عبد الحق علامہ اقبال پر سب سے پہلے پی۔ ایچ۔ ڈی کرنےوالے طالب علم ہیں (1) اس لحاظ سے علامہ اقبال ان کا اختصاص اور ان کی شناخت بن گیا لیکن علمی، تحقیقی اور ادبی سرگرمیوں میں وہ تحقیق، تنقید، مخطوطات شناسی اور دوسرے زبانی و ادبی موضوعات پر بھی مہارت رکھتے ہیں۔ اس کا اندازہ ان کی نگرانی میں تحقیق کرنے والے طلبا و طالبات کے موضوعات سے بھی لگایا جاسکتا ہے جو حسب ذیل الف پائی ترتیب سے درج کیے گئے ہیں۔
The global financial crises 2007 bring about the current banking regulations which stood inadequate to avoid banks from taking in unnecessary risk actions. Therefore, Bank for International Settlement (BIS) and G-20 leaders endorsed a new international standard of banking regulations by revising previous Basel II rule, introduced in 2004, into Basel III in late 2010, so as to enhance the quality including quantity of capital, leverage ratio and liquidity standards, which has become a challenge for nationals to implement these strict reforms under their existing banking system. Parallel with the conventional banking system, for which the Basel Committee formulated Basel framework, Islamic banking introduced in early 1977 to 1980 in Pakistan in response to the decision by the Shariat Bench of Supreme Court, necessitates that the financial system be transformed to operate in conformity with sharia. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and Bank Negara Malaysia are the regulator of Islamic banks and full member of IFSB. The Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) established in 2002 in Malaysia as an international standard-setting organization to enforce the international regulatory and supervisory guidelines for Islamic financial organizations along with other standard setting bodies such as AAOIFI and ISDB to achieve this objective. The IFSB promotes the stability and soundness of the Islamic financial institutions by issuing guiding standards and prudential regulations for the industry, The IFSB applied Basel standards in the context of Islamic banks and its operating models. This paper critically evaluates Islamic financial institution’s regulatory and supervisory structures particularly for Pakistan and Malaysia and examines financial position after implementing Basel Accord rules. Study suggests a positive impact in case of both countries.
The study was conducted by checking the effect of institutional investors (Ins.Invs) on information asymmetry (Inf.Asym) and stock market liquidity (ML) in Pakistan stock exchange (PSX). The aim of the study was to analyze the Ins.Invs, Inf.Asym, and ML on the basis of most populated non-financial sectors among the other sectors listed at PSX. The purposive sampling is base for the study and has selected four sectors, that is, textile, food, chemical and pharmaceutical and mineral plus cement sector as the sample of the study. The sample comprises of 280 sample firms which constitute 70 percent of the total population. The information of the sample firms has been gathered through reliable sources like annual reports of the sample firms, business recorder, yahoo finance and the official web sites of State Bank of Pakistan and PSX. The panel firm information regression was recommended for the firm information analysis. According to the results of this model; in textile sector, institutional shareholdings (IS) and growth shows insignificant effect on market liquidity while firm size and leverage have significantly affect the ML. Further, IS, growth and leverage have insignificant while size of the firm has significantly affect the information asymmetry. In food sector, institutional shareholdings and growth shows insignificant effect on market liquidity while firm size and leverage shows noteworthy effect on market liquidity. IS, growth and leverage have insignificant effect while firm size has significant effect on information asymmetry. In chemical sector, institutional shareholdings, leverage and growth shows insignificant effect on market liquidity while firm size shows noteworthy effect on ML. Furthermore, IS and growth have unimportant effect while firm size and growth has major effect on information asymmetry. In cement sector, institutional shareholdings, firm size and growth have notably affected the ML as well as the leverage has also considerably affected the ML that shows the significance of the variables of this study. Similarly, IS, growth and leverage have momentous effect while firm size has unimportant effect on information asymmetry.