شیخ محمد عبداﷲ
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ ستمبر کی۸/تاریخ کو شیخ محمد عبداﷲ، وزیر اعلیٰ ریاست جموں وکشمیر کاانتقال۷۷برس کی عمر میں ہوگیا۔ ان کی وفات سے ریاست کی نہایت پیچیدہ سیاسیات میں جو خلا پیداہوگیا ہے اس کا پُرہونا بظاہر ناممکن ہے۔ شیخ صاحب کی شخصیت کتنی قدآور اورکس درجہ بھاری بھر کم تھی اس کااندازہ اس سے کیا جاسکتا ہے کہ۱۹۵۳ء میں جب کہ وہ ریاست جموں وکشمیر کے وزیر اعلیٰ تھے ان کو سینٹرل گورنمنٹ نے اس عہدہ سے برخاست ہی نہیں کیا،بلکہ فوج اورپولیس کی عظیم جمعیت کے زیر سایہ انہیں گرفتار بھی کرلیا۔اس کے بعد مجموعی طورپرکم وبیش اٹھارہ سال شیخ صاحب نے نظربندی اوراسارت میں بسر کیے۔اس سلسلہ میں ان پر سازش کامقدمہ بھی چلایا گیا اورقسم قسم کے الزامات لگائے گئے جوبے بنیاد ثابت ہوئے، لیکن شیخ کی نظر بندی قائم رہی۔شیخ کھلے دماغ اورصاف ذہن کے آدمی تھے، وہ کٹر کشمیری تھے، جوکچھ سوچتے،خالص کشمیر اور اہل کشمیر کے مفاد میں سوچتے اورپھرجو فیصلہ کرلیتے اس پر مضبوطی سے قائم رہتے،کسی قسم کاخوف یاکوئی لالچ اس فیصلہ سے ان کومنحرف نہیں کرسکتا تھا۔ انھوں نے ہندوستان سے الحاق کافیصلہ بھی کسی دباؤ میں نہیں کیاتھا لیکن ساتھ ہی ان کا نظریہ یہ تھا کہ دوسری ریاستوں کے مقابلہ میں کشمیر کے لیے دستوری طورپر چند خصوصی رعایتوں کاحاصل ہونا ضروری ہے نیز یہ کہ کشمیر کامسئلہ برصغیر کی دو حکومتوں کے درمیان جو بس کی گانٹھ بناہواہے اس صورت حال کودوستانہ طریقہ پر ختم ہونا چاہیے کیونکہ جب تک یہ صورت حال قائم رہے گی ریاست جموں وکشمیر کو امن و اطمینان کے ساتھ ترقی کرنے، پھلنے پھولنے کاموقع نہیں ملے گا اور کشمیریوں میں بُعدوافتراق کی دیوار سدِّسکندری بن کر ایسی حائل رہے گی کہ رشتہ داریاں ختم ہوجائیں گی۔
شیخ کی معزولی اوراسارت کے بعد ریاست...
Plagiarism is a serious offense that defies the ethics of scholarship and research. Research students need to pay substantive attention to the dynamics and contours of plagiarism in their creative, ethical, and academic endeavors. Scholarship avenues such as online tutorials and work assignments are important sources of instructions for plagiarism-avoidance among students. The current study explores the frequency of consultation of scholarship avenues and the usage of plagiarism-avoidance techniques among research students in social sciences. The study also recommends a scale to investigate plagiarism-avoidance techniques. Furthermore, it also examines the level of the study in predicting the usage of plagiarism-avoidance. Using the online survey technique, 108 research students from Pakistan were sampled. The questionnaire was uploaded on several student-based research groups of social media, including; Facebook, and Yahoo groups. Bivariate linear regression analysis was used for hypothesis testing. Findings revealed that scholarship avenues lead to greater usage of plagiarism-avoidance techniques among research students (R2 =0.065). Supervisors, class-fellows, colleagues, and faculty of the department are prominent human scholarship avenues. Similarly, articles and books from the web, books from the library, the anti-plagiarism policy of the Higher Education Commission (HEC), and lectures delivered in the classroom were leading informational scholarship avenues. Stage of the study and consultation of the scholarship avenues were predictors of usage of plagiarism-avoidance techniques. It is recommended that (i) plagiarism-avoidance is promoted through prevention rather than detection, and that (ii) scholarship avenues (e.g. Delivering lectures, institutional policy, and interaction with relevant websites) are used for enhancing awareness about intellectual dishonesty.
A set of indicators for sustainable development were identified to be employed in developing countries. The selected indicators provided a good understanding of social and engineering outputs of water resources projects. The study meticulously looks into the pre dam bio-physical and socio-economic conditions in one of the arid region of Iran under the area commanded by Minab dam. This dam was constructed in Hormozgan province of Iran in 1983 and its irrigation system was completed in 1986 which was followed by progressive expansion of irrigated agriculture which almost doubled in year 2006. Results of the study showed that there are significant positive impacts of irrigation network of the dam but they were not same as the targeted objectives envisaged in the feasibility report of the project for example literacy rate increased from 41 percent (pre-project) to 74 percent in 2006. Similarly significant improvements were observed in health care, sanitation, education, and other disciplines. On the other hand, only 50-60 percent of the planned objectives were met for some indicators whereas no significant achievements had been made in the others. It means that after construction of the dam and irrigation system, development didn’t match with the planned goals of the project. Most of the deficiency in the performance of primary objectives have root in the managements, even after, many years of project completion. For optimization of project performance an institutional framework has been proposed suggested by introducing a new organization named as Sustainable Project Organization (SPO). This organization may overcome the deficiency through capacity building and training of social and engineering organizations in the project area in the direction of comprehensive poverty alleviation. This study argues the world-wide controversy against construction of dam in arid zones which is ill-founded and based on a few short term, mitigable negative impacts, ignoring many long term positive impacts leading to alleviating of chronic poverty in arid regions.