دینی مدارس پر انتہا پسندی اور دہشت گردی کے الزامات: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ

"An analysis of the allegations of extremism and terrorism against religious institutions (Madrasas)". The priceless services done by the religious scholars for the preservation and uplift of religious and Islamic values in the subcontinent are indelible and unforgettable chapter of history. They geared up progress of religious institutions and the tilt of people towards them of the increasingly charming trend. The Heathen world is afraid of the emerging strongholds of Islam. The repercussions of this trend on society are becoming more and more prominent with the march of time. They are striving for the preservation and identity of the Islamic characteristics. After 9/11 incidents, the west is unable to understand how to detach the religious institutions from the embedded Islamic social integrity. The western media and foreign funded rulers have been endeavoring hard to defame religious institutions through there venomous propaganda against them. All this is visible to everyone. There is no parallel of the religious institutions educational boards (Wafaqs) in and outside the country even no such example is present in the whole Islamic world as well as in the subcontinent. Besides other baseless allegations, religious institutions are branded as terrorists and extremists. The west and America are much worried about the Islamic educational institutions and the Holy war (Jihad). The article encompasses the opinions of the regious as well as secular apostles. In a nutshell, all the allegations of extremism and terrorism are not only baseless but just a propaganda.

Breeding Strategies to Improve Yield and Quality Traits of Vigna Radiata × Vigna Mungo Recombinants

The present study was conducted in the experimental field of Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB) and the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Seventy two mung × mash inter-specific recombinants were evaluated for various yield traits and for resistance against mungbean yellow mosaic disease (MYMD). Thirty six promising recombinants were selected on the basis of desirability index and these were also confirmed at molecular level. Sixteen male specific recombinant genotypes were selected and evaluated for quality traits. On the basis of overall performance in different experiments, five recombinant genotypes were finally selected and 5 × 5 diallel crosses were attempted. Parents and F1 hybrids were evaluated thereafter for the study of inheritance patterns of different traits. The magnitude of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability ranged from (2.73% to 28.97%) and (3.46% to 31.95%) respectively. Moderate to high Broad sense heritability value was observed, it ranged from (34% to 99%) with greatest value (h2 = 99%) for 100-seed weight. Low to medium genetic advance was observed with highest value of (10.591) for plant height. High heritability values coupled with high genetic advance were observed for clusters per plant, pods per plant, and seed yield per plant indicating the presence of additive gene action. Pods per plant had higher value of genetic advance (46.12%) followed by number of clusters per plant (38.06%) and seed yield (30.82%). Pods per plant had maximum positive and significant genotypic (rg = 0.903) and phenotypic (0.860) correlations with clusters per plant. Days to flower, plant height, pods per plant and cluster per plant appeared to be the most prominent characters as they had highly significant phenotypic and genotypic correlations with seed yield. Pods per plant were also appeared to be the most important secondary trait suggesting greatest improvement in mean seed yield (31%) followed by plant height (24%) and clusters per plant (5%). Selection for number of pods per plant showed promise for greatest improvement in seed yield that was 54% of the improvement possible through direct selection for seed yield followed by clusters per plant and plant height. The aggregate index score of desirability ranged from 4 to 13 and the genotype, MMH 11534 was at the top followed by MMH 53105. Thirty six promising genotypes having high yield potential and disease resistance were selected. Universal Rice Primer (URP) and RAPD markers confirmed 16 recombinants which were also reconfirmed by SSR markers. The primer, SSR VR0111 confirmed maximum number of genotypes as male specific recombinants. Sixteen recombinant genotypes were selected on the basis of their male parent specific banding pattern and diversified PCR. The recombinant genotype, MMH 4224 got improved with respect to all essential amino acid, while MMH 1115, MMH 2112, MMH 7124 and MMH 4255 also exhibited significant improvement. On the basis of overall performance in different experiments, seven recombinant genotypes, viz; MMH 1115, MMH 4224, MMH 4255, MMH 7124, MMH 2112, MMH 4295 and MMH 2225 were observed to be more prominent and hence these were selected as elite lines. These lines were true inter - specific recombinants and possessed excellent nutritional quality coupled with high yield potential and disease resistance. Considering the worth of these elite lines, it was suggested that these may be used for further evaluation in different trials for the release of new commercial cultivars. All the traits studied were under the control of dominant gene action except 100-seed weight. Heterosis breeding was recommended for these traits and recombination breeding was suggested for the improvement of 100-seed weight. The hybrids having positive and significant SCA effects were recommended for heterosis breeding and the hybrids whose parents have significant GCA effects and non- significant SCA effects were recommended for further progeny testing.