مولانا ابو الکلام آزاد‌ کا تفسیری اسلوب: سورة الکہف کا خصوصی مطالعہ

Since about the middle of the 19th century, numerous attempts have been made by Muslim  scholars to interpret the Qur’ān  to the modern world. By far the largest output of literature produced in this connection, whether in the form of commentaries, critiques or articles in periodical, has been in Urdu, English and Arabic. But whatever the medium of expression employed, the net result is still is far from satisfactory.               Moulana Abul Kalam Azad (1888-1958) was one of the most notable Muslim figures in Sub-continent. The Tarjuman-al-Qur’ān  is regarded on all hands as his main contribution to Islamic learning. His original plan was to prepare side by side two companion volumes to this great of his, one entitled Tafsir-al-Bayana affording a detailed commentary of the Qur’ān, the other entitled Muqaddima, to serve as prolegomena to the Tarjuman -al-Qur’ān. The circumstances of his life did not allow him the time that he needed to execute the two projects. Moulana Azad, s thinking and philosophy about commentary of the Qur’ān  is very clear: ''Explain the Qur’ān  in the manner of the Qur’ān ''.                This paper attempts to enlighten many aspects of Moulana Azad, s commentary of Surat-al-Kahaf and explores his contribution and Comparative Analysis for other selected Urdu Tafasir of his era.

An Exploratory Study of Grade 10 Students Perspectives on Making Learning of Biology Effective

This study aimed to explore Grade 10 students' perspectives concerning the biology topics that they find the most difficult to learn, the reasons of experiencing difficulties in learning biology, and ways to overcome the difficulties. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A survey tool difficulties and effectiveness in Learning Biology questionnaire (DELBQ) was adapted from the literature which has already been used in other context in a similar study (Cimer, 2012). 132 Grade 10 students participated in the cross-sectional survey including girls (n=86; 65%) and boys (n=46; 35%). The sample was recruited from 10 public schools of district Hunza. DELBQ was directly administered to all participants. The results showed that students have identified five concepts of biology - genetic engineering (37%), cell division (31%), Mendel principles and application (28%), defense and immunity (23%) and matter cycle (17%) - as the most difficult concepts to learn. The students proposed multiple reasons to learning hindrances which include: the nature of the topic, teachers' teaching method, students' learning techniques, students' attitudes towards the topics and deficiency of resources and time. Prominently, of five the themes 'the nature of the topic' was found to be the most repeatedly cited reason (99) for difficulty in learning biology. Students have not only identified these hindering factors of learning they have talked about viable suggestions to improve learning of the subject such as reducing the subject content; using visual aids in teaching ; teaching through experiments; students using various study techniques; making biology teaching interesting and effective; and, teaching biology by connecting the topics with daily life. Interestingly, a majority of responses (99) highlighted 'the nature of topic' as one of the primary reasons for making biology learning difficult; however, the suggestions to enhance learning were predominantly related to either 'students' own learning habits' (148) or 'teachers' teaching style' (127). The study provides an insight into 'students' voices' not only in identifying the 'difficult areas in Biology' but highlighting perspectives in explaining the 'reasons for difficulties in learning these concepts' and potential strategies to improve learning. The results could be useful for practitioners and policy-makers in enhancing curriculum and classroom practices to make this fundamentally important subject interesting for students. The tool adapted for the study is a valuable addition to the indigenous literature which can be used by the other researchers in the field to conduct large scale studies.