شاگرد کے خلاف تادیبی کاروائی کا دائرہ کار سنت نبوی اور فقہ اسلامی کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

Education is the development of the different aspects of human being like psychological, social and physical development etc. It is not only the provision of information but it is for the sake of guidance of students to make them beneficial human beings. A teacher inculcates good habits in students and tries to reduce or terminate bad habits in them. Therefore, the responsibility of teacher is to guide the students about good and bad along with improving their academics. But while doing so, the teacher should avoid the ways which can be harmful for the students. Therefore he (the teacher) should know how to guide the students and stop them from wrong doings. At what time what technique, he should adopt that can give benefits to students? He should be aware of the student’s psychology, their age and their abilities. Sometimes punishment is very much necessary for students to make them realize not to commit anything like this again. At this critical moment what can help the student and teacher? The Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW), being a perfect teacher guided the Umma in this aspect. He used many skills as a teacher and taught his followers, how to guide their children and pupils. Many times the prophets would use to advise his followers on anywrong doing and that is why none of the followers repeated the same mistake. It is very important to follow the teachings of the Holy Prophet in aspect. This research paper discusses the way of handling the students in different situations.

Diversity, Recombination and Replication in Cotton Leaf Curl Geminiviruses

Several viruses infect cotton plant across the globe. Due to climate change, which favors the insect’s growth and reproduction, the diseases transmitted by insect vectors are increasing at alarming rate. The viruses causing leaf curl disease are common in Africa and Asia. Cotton crop is infected by single stranded DNA viruses (Family, Geminiviridae) in Pakistan. It was originally limited to Pakistan, but now it has spread to India, China and Philippines. In the New World a virus causing leaf crumpling is known to infect cotton. The studies in this thesis were aimed at a clearer understanding of the virus species responsible for the CLCuD complex and possible reasons it became an epidemic. These single stranded DNA viruses were surveyed, isolated and amplified with a novel one step PCR protocol to identify the major three viruses, namely cotton leaf curl Multan virus, cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus and Burewala strain of Kokhran virus. Furthermore, PCR and RCA was used to quickly cloned and sequenced full-length viruses and satellites from cotton and alternate host tomato plants to estimate the extent of diversity of begomoviruses in Punjab. The sequence analysis revealed that viruses co-circulating in cotton and tomato plants but may only create diseases in one host. Furthermore, these viruses are harboring several distinct satellites. The mutation and recombination analysis revealed that cotton leaf curl geminiviruses (just like RNA viruses) have a high and specific pattern of recombination and mutation and favored a combination of viral molecules, which have the capacity to spread at higher rate compared to other strains of cotton leaf curl geminiviruses. In this manuscript, the diversity and spread of cotton leaf curl disease is discussed in depth to understand the viral evolution in Pakistan, uses for host plant resistance, and implicated for research and management strategies to prevent new epidemics worldwide.