فکر اقبال کے تناظر میں تہذیبی تصادم

A thorough critical analysis of human history highlights that the clash of civilizations centered on themes of conflict, war, and struggle. Historical experts use the word encounter to interpret or explain these relations among civilizations. Trade played a vital role in flourishing these ties, however, conflict and encounter have also been a part of almost all the phases or eras of human history. Developing nations have always looked up to the western world as a role model of economic and military progression, but this philosophy has also resulted in the escalation of tensions among these nations. World peace faces daunting challenges and is one of the most talked-about human concerns in the present times. Islam is currently being challenged by the western world in terms of the right interpretation of religious teachings and the true message of the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Islam is still struggling to make its mark in the present world order, particularly after the 9/11 incident which painted Muslims as terrorists and fundamentalists. It is quite evident that the world is divided into factions or groups, where one group is the torchbearer of Islam and religious teachings, while the second group endorses western ideals or secularism. According to Samuel Huntington, it won’t be wrong to say that the next ideological challenge that the world faces after the ultimate demise of the Soviet Union is Islam and the prospective clash between the East and the West in the 21st century will be the most discussed topic. The present-day relationship between the East and the West is based upon rivalry. This conflict is not a new area of research and is centuries old. The only solution to this problem is to promote global peace and harmony and facilitate dialogue among nations. This would help in creating a social system that can center on values, harmony, peace, and love. Also, Iqbal’s philosophy can act as a guiding stone and can help in resolving this crisis. Iqbal’s universal social reconstruction theory highlights how different civilizations can live together and can facilitate constructive dialogue to improve civilizational ties. This article aims to incorporate the teachings of Iqbal, especially the universal social reconstruction theory to propose solutions for inter-civilizational clashes. This article aims to use the teachings of Iqbal as a beacon of light to promote constructive dialogue and peaceful coexistence among the two dominant sides of the world, resultantly leading in much prosperous and peaceful world order. 

Runge - Kutta Methods: Analysis and Implementation

In this thesis, we have developed new numerical methods in Runge-Kutta family for numerical solution of ordinary di erential equations. We have extended the idea of e ective order to Runge-Kutta Nystr om methods for numerical approximation of second order ordinary di erential equations. The composition of Runge-Kutta Nystr om methods, the pruning of associated Nystr om trees, and conditions for e ective order Runge-Kutta Nystr om methods up to orderve are presented. Also, partitioned Runge-Kutta methods of e ective order 4 with 3 stages are constructed. The most obvious feature of these methods is e ciency in terms of implementation cost. The numerical results verify that the asymptotic error behavior of the e ective order 4 partitioned Runge- Kutta methods with 3 stages is similar to that of classical order 4 method which necessarily require 4 stages. Moreover, it is evident from the numerical results that e ective order methods are more e cient than their classical order counterpart. Lastly, a family of explicit symplectic partitioned Runge-Kutta methods are derived with e ective order 3 for the numerical integration of separable Hamiltonian systems. The proposed explicit methods are more e cient than existing symplectic implicit Runge-Kutta methods. A selection of numerical experiments on separable Hamiltonian system con rming the e ciency of the approach is also provided with good energy conservation.