آن لائن لیکچر
شاہد اشرف
گزشتہ ایک برس کے دوران میں کووڈ کی وجہ سے آن لائن لیکچر دیتے ہوئے وہ کئی تجربات سے گزرا۔ پہلے پہل وہ اپنے دھیان میں لیکچر دیتا رہا۔ کچھ دنوں بعد اسے کیمرہ آف ہونے کے باوجود سٹوڈنٹس کی موجودگی اور عدم موجودگی کا اندازہ ہونے لگا۔ کبھی کبھی وہ کسی طالب علم کی موجودگی کی تصدیق کے لیے سوال بھی پوچھ لیتا تھا اور اس کا اندازہ درست نکلتا تھا۔ آہستہ آہستہ اسے مکمل ادراک ہونے لگا کہ کیمرہ آف ہونے کے باوجود کون سٹوڈنٹ موجود ہے اور کون لنک جوائن کرنے کے بعد سو گیا ہے ۔ ذہنی رابط برقی رابطے سے زیادہ موثر محسوس ہونے لگا۔ وہ کیمرہ آف ہونے کے باوجود دیکھنے پر قادر ہو گیا۔ کسی سٹوڈنٹ کا تصور کرتے ہی اس چہرے پر ہویدا اداسی ، بیزاری ، انہماک، دلچسپی اور نیم دلی سمیت دیگر کیفیات کا انکشاف ہونے لگتا تھا۔ وہ صرف غور سے آئی ڈی کی طرف دیکھتا اور سٹوڈنٹ کی ذہنی کیفیت ظاہر ہو جاتی۔ وہ مخاطب ہوئے بغیر کسی سٹوڈنٹ کی کیفیت پر رائے دیتا اور پھر متعلقہ سٹوڈنٹ کی حیرت کو انجوائے کرتا تھا۔ وہ دوران تدریس بہت سے تجربات سے گزرا ۔ اس کے دل میں ایک خیال زور پکڑنے لگا ۔ اس نے خیال کو جھٹکنے کی کوشش کی مگر ناکام رہا۔ اسی خیال کے زیرِ اثر ایک دن اس نے تمام سٹوڈنٹس کو کیمرے آن کرنے کا کہا ۔ سٹوڈنٹس اپنے اپنے کیمرے آن کر بیٹھ گئے ۔ وہ سب کو دیکھ سکتا تھا مگر اسی لمحے اسے شدید دھچکا لگا ۔ وہ کسی بھی سٹوڈنٹ کی کیفیت کو پڑھنے سے قاصر تھا ۔
Theimprovement of the teacher’s quality, including teachers in general and preschool teachers in particular, hasgained interested in many countries around the world. Currently, most countries in the world have issued a framework of competency or professional standards for teachers as a basis for preschool teachers to self-assess and be assessed for their qualities and competenciet. On that basis, preschool teachers can implement the plan of quality training, strengthen and improve professional expertise. This article, the author conducts research to evaluate the implementation of the professional standards manual of schools and the teacher's understanding of professional standards. This is considered an important factor that will contribute to improving the effectiveness of teacher ratings according to professional standards. In this study, the author uses mainly quantitative research methods (survey, descriptive statistics and inference statistics) to clarify the problems that the research has posed. Research results show that there is a relationship between standard manual training and preschool teachers' understanding of professional standards. Standards instructors have a good understanding of professional standards. Especially the training is organized by the school and the education and training department, so the training classes are small, with a small number of participants and therefore higher quality.
Generally, in most traditional markets one can observe a rapid escalation in the trading price of many IPOs on the first day. The closing price on the first day of trading is quite often much high then the offering price six hours earlier.It is a well established fact that initial public offerings of common stock (hereafter IPOs) are mostly underpriced, sometimes astronomically and subsequently underperformed in long-run period. There remains a question as to why this is such a common occurrence. However, virtually all the statistical studies draw their data from large highly liquid markets-traditional or main markets. To test these propositions, we selected various categories of IPOs i.e. local IPOs, cross-listed IPOs and demutualized firms’ offeringthat are listed on AIM during 2001 to 2017. Findings of the study depicts that on average, IPOs are underpriced by 2.48%, 2.62% and 2.16% on the first, fifteen and thirty day of trading respectively. We further identified that demutualized IPOs are less underpriced then local IPOs. In addition, cross-listed IPOs are more underpriced on the fifteenth and the thirtieth day of trading relative to local and demutualized IPOs. This study also reports that offer price is emerged as a robust determinant of short-run performance of unseasoned issues. In long-run price performance, it is found that investors in the AIM earn significant positive returns if the stock is hold for three years, and the price variation is dependent upon the firm size. As for as the spillover is concerned, the results show that only mean spillover effects from US and Australian market and volatility spillover effects from US, Canada, Australia and Irish market transmit to their respective cross-listed IPOs on an alternative markets. That finding implies that in short-run, a lower offer price leads to greater underpricing. In long-run, Investment in small firms seems more profitable compared to those of large firms in the AIM. These findings suggest that prospective investors can develop and diversify their portfolio in an alternative markets. The findings of the study have also a practical value for those investor who are especially interested in earning abnormal excess returns in an alternative market