سبعۃ اَحرف و قراءاتِ قرآنیہ ؛ایک تحقیقی جائزہ A Research Review of Sab‘a Aḥraf and Recitation of the holy Qur’an in different ways

“This Quran has been revealed in seven different ways; so, recite it in the way that is easier for you.” This hadith is Recurrent in meaning. The narrator Imam Abu Ubaid Qasim Bin Salam (R.A) has elucidated its recurrence. Imam Abn-e- Jouzi (R.A) has collected all its ways in a Journal. What is meant by “Seven Words” in this Hadith? It has been a controversial point among the ulemas and scholars. And no doubt, it has been regarded as the most difficult debate of Uloom-ul- Quran. There have been severe controversies in this regard, so far as Allama Ibn-e - Arabi has mentioned thirty-five sayings. Some of them are as following: Some think these are the ways of recitations of seven famous Qaries. Some think that it means all the ways of recitations. But “Seven” does not means the number 07, because in Arabic language, it is used to describe the plenty of something. Qazi Ayyaz from Earleir Ulemas had the same opinion, while in the later period; Shah Wali-Ullah also had the same views. Some think that it means seven dialects of Arab Tribes. Imam Abu Hatim Sajestani (R.A) determined the name of these languages. They are Quraish, Hazial, Teem, Al-Rubab, Azd, Rabbia, Hawazan, and Saad bin Abi-Bakar. Hafiz Abn-e- Jareer Tibri (R.A) agreed to this school of thought. The fourth famous saying is that of Imam Tehavi (R.A.) he says that although he Holy Quran has been revealed in the dialect of Quraish. But it was difficult for the people of other tribes, which came of different areas of Arab. That is why, in the beginning, they were permitted to recite the Holy Quran in their local languages, and the words or ways were determined by the holy prophet (P.B.U.H) himself. Later, it was prohibited. There remained only the one way of recitation in which the holy Quran was revealed. HAzrat Sufian bin Aiena (R.A), Abn-e-Wahab (R.A) and Hafiz Ibn-e- Abdul Bar (R.A) agreed to this opinion. Famous interpreter Allama Nizamul Din Nishapori (R.A) says that it means the following differences in the recitation. Differences between Singular and Plurals Differences between Muscular and Feminine Differences of the causes of Araabs          Differences of Morphology (Formation of Words) Differences of syntax (Sentence Structure)           Differences of the ways which changes words Differences of dialects Allama Abn-e- Qutaiba, (R.A), Imam Razi Qazi (R.A) and Abu Bakar(R.A) and Abn-e Aljuzri (R.A) also adopted this saying of Allama Nisahpuri.(R.A).

Preparation of Fixing Agents for Anionic Dyes

The selection of dyes and dyeing auxiliaries is a crucial factor in optimising dyeing processes. Dyeings often show unsatisfactory wet fastness properties. This is usually encountered with direct dyes and to a lesser extent with reactive dyes also. Different cationic fixing agents have been used as pretreatment or aftertreatment to improve the wet fastness properties of these dyes but none has proved to be totally satisfactory. Therefore, there is still a need for novel dyeing processes that improve properties in respect of application and fastness properties of the dyeings. The present work is therefore concerned with the synthesis of new cationic fixing agents and their evaluation as fixing agents in improving the wet fastness properties of anionic dyes on cellulose fibres. Eight mono-reactive (28a-d and 29a-d) and four bis-reactive (30a-b and 31a-b) 2,3-epoxy / 3- chloro-2-hydroxy propyl derivatives of quaternary ammonium chloride have been synthesised and their structures have been characterised using IR and 1H- NMR spectroscopy. Purity of these compounds has been checked by thin layer chromatography (TLC). One mono-reactive (28c) and two bis-reactive (30a and 30b) 2,3- epoxypropyl derivatives have been used for the cationisation of cellulosic iv fabrics under different pretreatment conditions. Pretreated fabrics were then dyed with a variety of direct, reactive and acid dyes under neutral and alkaline conditions in the absence of salt. A bis-reactive derivative compound 30b was also applied as an aftertreatment to the conventional direct dyeings under neutral and alkaline conditions. The reflectance values and the corresponding CIE L*, a*, b*, C* and ho colour coordinates of the samples were measured. From the reflectance values at the λ max. of the dyeings, colour strength (K/S) values of the dyeings were calculated using Kubelka-Munk equation. Fastness properties of the dyeings have been determined by following standard methods for the determination of colour fastness of textiles and leather. Pretreatment with mono- and bis-reactive cationic fixing agents (30a, 30b, 28c) has enabled the dyeing of cotton fabrics with anionic (direct, reactive and acid) dyes under neutral conditions in the absence of salt. Higher colour strength (K/S) and good wash fastness properties were obtained with the pretreated fabrics as compared to the untreated fabrics dyed with the same direct and reactive dyes. Bis-reactive derivatives showed better wet fastness properties as compared to the mono-reactive derivative. In addition, pretreatment has significantly reduced the dyeing time, thus becoming a more environmentally friendly method for the direct and reactive dyeing of cotton fabrics. Aftertreatment with cationic agents has shown a slight change in the colour of the direct dyeings but has beneficial effects on the wash fastness results.